USMLE Rapid Review 2022/2023 with complete solution

abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly - ANSWER Budd-Chiari syndrome Familial hypercholesterolemia - ANSWER achilles tendon xanthoma adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC - ANSWER Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome ...

abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly - ANSWER Budd-Chiari syndrome Familial hypercholesterolemia - ANSWER achilles tendon xanthoma adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC - ANSWER Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome biochemistry of Marfan's syndrome - ANSWER fibrillin defect posthepatic venous thrombosis - ANSWER Budd-Chiari syndrome Familial hypercholesterolemia biochemistry - ANSWER decrease in LDL receptor signaling Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome cause - ANSWER meningococcemia arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints - ANSWER Marfan's syndrome Athlete with polycythemia - ANSWER EPO injection Pott's disease - ANSWER vertebral TB Pott's disease clinical presentation - ANSWER back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss Sarcoidosis main histological presentation - ANSWER noncaseating granuloma bilateral hilar adenopathy + uveitis - ANSWER sarcoidosis Osteogenesis imperfecta - ANSWER type I collagen defect Blue sclera indicate what? - ANSWER osteogenesis imperfecta Burton's line indicates what? - ANSWER lead poisoning Burton's line - ANSWER bluish line on gingiva Paget's disease of the bone biochemistry - ANSWER increase in osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity bone pain, bone enlargement, arthritis - ANSWER Paget's disease of the bone bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing - ANSWER aortic regurgitation butterfly facial rash, Raynaud's phenomenon in a young female - ANSWER SLE Neurofibromatosis type I associated with what malignancies - ANSWER pheochromocytoma, optic gliomas cafe-au-lait spots and Lisch nodules - ANSWER Neurofibromatosis type I Lisch nodules - ANSWER iris hemartoma McCune-Albright syndrome biochemistry - ANSWER mosaic continuous activation of stimulatory G protein cafe-au-lait spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, multiple endocrine abnormalities - ANSWER McCune-Albright syndrome Duchenne's muscular dystrophy - ANSWER X-linked recessive deletion of dystrophin gene Calf pseudohypertrophy - ANSWER Duchenne's muscular dystrophy clinical sign of Tay-Sach's, Niemann-Pick, or central retinal artery occlusion - ANSWER Cherry-red spot on macula ganglioside accumulation - ANSWER Tay-Sach's sphingomyelin accumulation - ANSWER Niemann-Pick disease Stable angina - ANSWER with moderate exercise Unstable angina - ANSWER with minimal exertion Angina - ANSWER chest pain on exertion autoimmune-mediated post-MI fibrinous pericarditis 2-6 weeks after acute episode - ANSWER Dressler syndrome Chest pain, pericardial effusion, friction rub, persistent fever 2-6 wks following MI - ANSWER Dressler's syndrome Gowers' sign associated with what disease? - ANSWER Duchenne muscular dystrophy Gower's sign definition - ANSWER child uses arms to stand up from squat "Slapped cheeks" - ANSWER erythema infectiosum/fifth disease Erythema infectiosum/fifth disease - ANSWER parvovirus B19 child with fever later develops red rash on face that spreads to body - ANSWER erythema infectiosum/fifth disease autosomal-dominant CAG repeat expansion - ANSWER Huntington's disease chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration - ANSWER Huntington's disease muscle glycogen phosphorylase (myophosphoralase) deficiency - ANSWER McArdle's syndrome chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps, myoglobinuria - ANSWER McArdle's disease Cold intolerance may suggest what diagnosis? - ANSWER hypothyroidism Lesion that causes internuclear ophthalmoplegia - ANSWER damage to MLF Bilateral internuclear opthalmoplegia associated with what condition? - ANSWER multiple sclerosis cause of Unilateral internuclear opthalmoplegia - ANSWER stroke Internuclear opthalmoplegia deficits - ANSWER conjugate lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia PDA treatment - ANSWER indomethacin PDA maintenance - ANSWER misoprostol Myxedema - ANSWER hypothyroidism Pretibial myxedema - ANSWER Grave's disease continuous 'machinery' heart murmur - ANSWER PDA cutaneous/dermal edema due to CT deposition - ANSWER myxedema Kaposi's sarcoma in what patients? - ANSWER AIDs patients Kaposi's sarcoma associated with: - ANSWER HHV-8 infection Kaposi's sarcoma clinical presentation - ANSWER dark purple skin/mouth nodules Kussmaul breathing associated with what condition? - ANSWER diabetic ketoacidosis Kussmaul breathing pattern - ANSWER deep, labored breathing/hyperventilation Pellagra - ANSWER niacin (B3) deficiency dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea - ANSWER pellagra (Vit B3 Deficency) cause of wet beriberi - ANSWER thiamine (B1) deficiency conditions associated with wet beriberi - ANSWER dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, alcoholism, malnutrition Pasteurella multocida clinical presentation - ANSWER cellulitis at inoculation site Pasteurella multocida transmission - ANSWER dog or cat bite autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands - ANSWER Sjogren's disease Sjogren's syndrome clinical presentation - ANSWER dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis Plummer-Vinson syndrome can progress to what? - ANSWER esophageal squamous cell carcinoma esophageal webs leading to dysphagia, glossitis, iron deficiency anemia - ANSWER Plummer-Vinson syndrome Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - ANSWER type III collagen defect elastic skin, hypermobility of joints - ANSWER Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Virchow's node indicates what? - ANSWER abdominal metastasis Virchow's node - ANSWER enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node Sezary syndrome - ANSWER cutaneous T-cell lymphoma erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells - ANSWER Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides Chvostek's sign indicates what? - ANSWER hypocalcemia Chvostek's sign - ANSWER facial muscle spasm upon tapping Cholelithiasis definition - ANSWER gallstones Cholelithiasis clinical picture - ANSWER fat, female, forty, and fertile cause of Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction - ANSWER rapid lysis of spirochetes results in toxin release fever, chills, headache, myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphilis - ANSWER Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction Morbillivirus - ANSWER Genus of measles (family Paromyxoviridae) Fever, cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash, bluish gray spots on buccal mucosa - ANSWER Measles Caused by enveloped Rubeola virus - Family Paramyxoviridae Bluish Gray spots = Koplik spots B symptoms of lymphomas - ANSWER fever, night sweats, weight loss Peyronie's disease - ANSWER CT disorder Peyronie's disease clinical presentation - ANSWER fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis X-linked recessive HGPRT deficiency - ANSWER Lesch-Nyhan syndrome gout, mental retardation, self-mutilating behavior in a boy - ANSWER Lesch-Nyhan syndrome Kayser-Fleischer rings - ANSWER Wilson's disease green-yellow rings around peripheral cornea - ANSWER Kayser-Fleischer rings AD inherited, benign polyposis causing bowel obstruction, increase in GI cancer risk, hyper pigmentation of mouth, lips, hands - ANSWER Peutz-Jeghers syndrome Hamartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands - ANSWER Peutz-Jeghers syndrome glucocerebrosidase deficiency - ANSWER Gaucher's disease hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, neurologic symptoms, constrictive cardiomyopathy - ANSWER Gaucher's disease cause of Alport syndrome - ANSWER mutation in alpha chain of collagen IV hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts - ANSWER Alport syndrome cause of Kluver-Bucy syndrome - ANSWER bilateral amygdala lesion hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility - ANSWER Kluver-Bucy syndrome symptoms of UMN damage - ANSWER hyperreflexia, hypertonia, Babinski sign present LMN damage - ANSWER hyporeflexia, hypotonia, atrophy, fasciculations "Blue bloater" chronic bronchitis histology - ANSWER hyperplasia of mucous cells "Blue bloater" chronic bronchitis clinical presentation - ANSWER hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia Nonpainful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion - ANSWER primary syphilis chancre Primary syphilis causative organism - ANSWER treponema pallidum Painful indurated, ulcerated genital lesion with exudate - ANSWER chancroid Chancroid - ANSWER haemophilus ducreyi Patau's syndrome cause - ANSWER trisomy 13 infant with cleft lip/palate, microcephaly, holoprosencephaly, polydactyly, cutis aplasia - ANSWER Patau's syndrome genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency - ANSWER Niemann-Pick disease infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, and neurodegeneration - ANSWER Niemann-Pick disease Cori's disease biochemistry - ANSWER debranching enzyme deficiency infant with hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, and hepatomegaly - ANSWER Cori's syndrome Edwards' syndrome - ANSWER trisomy 18 infant with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, and structural heart defect - ANSWER Edward's syndrome (trisomy 18) Courvoisier's sign indicates: - ANSWER distal obstruction of biliary tree jaundice + palpable distended non-tender gallbladder - ANSWER Courvoisier's sign Erythema chronicum migrans - ANSWER large rash with bull's-eye appearance (Lyme Disease) Erythema chronicum migrans - ANSWER Lyme disease Lyme disease caused by? - ANSWER ixodes tick bite transmits borrelia cause of epidural hematoma - ANSWER middle meningeal artery rupture Lucid interval after TBI indicates what hemorrhage? - ANSWER epidural Bruton's disease - ANSWER X-linked agammaglobinemia Male child, recurrent infections after 6 months, no mature B-cells - ANSWER Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia (X-linked agammaglobulinemia) - defect in a tyrosine kinase defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of GpIIb/IIIa - ANSWER Glansmann's thrombocytopenia mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time - ANSWER Glanzmann's thrombasthenia muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins, hypotension - ANSWER Beck's triad of cardiac tamponade multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, impacted/supernumerary teeth - ANSWER Gardner's syndrome lysosomal alpha-1,4-glucosidase deficiency - ANSWER Pompe's disease myopathy, infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, exercise intolerance - ANSWER Pompe's disease Erb-Duchenne palsy - ANSWER superior trunk (C5-6) brachial plexus injury Waiter's tip - ANSWER Erb-Duchenne palsy neonate with arm paralysis following difficult birth - ANSWER Erb-Duchenne palsy Sheehan's syndrome - ANSWER pituitary hemorrhagic infarction no lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance - ANSWER Sheehan's syndrome Multiple sclerosis clinical presentation - ANSWER nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech, bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia cause of Cheyne-Stokes respirations - ANSWER CHF, increased ICP oscillating slow/fast breathing - ANSWER Cheyne-Stokes respirations Cold agglutinin disease associated with what sequelae? - ANSWER autoimmune hemolytic anemia Cold agglutinin disease infectious cause - ANSWER mycoplasma pneumoniae, mono Cold agglutinin disease clinical presentation - ANSWER painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia mechanism of Raynaud's phenomenon - ANSWER vasospasm in extremities Raynaud's phenomenon clinical presentation - ANSWER painful, pale, cold fingers/toes Osler's nodes indicate: - ANSWER infective endocarditis, immune complex deposition painful, raised red lesions on pad of fingers/toes - ANSWER Osler's nodules Janeway lesions associated with what? - ANSWER infective endocarditis, septic emboli, microabscesses painless erythematous lesions on palms and soles - ANSWER Janeway lesions presenting symptom of cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing bile duct - ANSWER painless jaundice IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys - ANSWER Henoch-Schonlein purpura palpable purpura on buttocks/legs, joint pain, abdominal pain (child), hematuria - ANSWER Henoch-Schonlein purpura MEN1 - ANSWER autosomal dominant MEN1 tumors - ANSWER pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors periorbital and/or peripheral edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia - ANSWER Nephrotic syndrome "Pink puffer": pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation, centriacinar - ANSWER emphysema (smoking) pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation, panacinar emphysema, younger, nonsmoker - ANSWER alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency Fanconi's syndrome effect on kidney - ANSWER proximal tubular reabsorption defect polyuria, renal tubular acidosis type II, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances, hypophosphatemic rickets - ANSWER Fanconi's anemia Anterior/posterior cruciate ligament injury - ANSWER positive anterior/posterior 'drawer sign' pruritic, purple, polygonal planar papules and plaques (6 P's) - ANSWER lichen planus Horner's syndrome cause - ANSWER sympathetic chain lesion Horner's syndrome - ANSWER ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis Argyll Robertson pupil associated with what condition? - ANSWER neurosyphilis Argyll Robertson pupil presentation - ANSWER pupil accommodates but doesn't react acute autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy - ANSWER Guillain-Barre syndrome rapidly progressive leg weakness that ascends following GI/upper respiratory illness - ANSWER Guillain-Barre syndrome Rash on palms and soles indicates what infections? - ANSWER Coxsackie A, secondary syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever Hyper-IgE syndrome (Job's syndrome) - ANSWER neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality recurrent colds, unusual eczema, high serum IgE - ANSWER hyper-IgE syndrome (Jobs) Red currant jelly sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients - ANSWER Klebsiella pneumoniae Red currant jelly stools in adults - ANSWER acute mesenteric ischemia Red currant jelly stools in children - ANSWER intussusception Paget's disease of the breast clinical meaning - ANSWER represents underlying neoplasm red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola - ANSWER Paget's disease of the breast Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clinical presentation - ANSWER red urine in the AM, fragile RBCs mutation causing von Hippel-Lindau disease - ANSWER dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation Bilateral renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, and pheochromocytomas are all associated with what disease? - ANSWER von Hippel-Lindau disease nigrostriatal dopamine depletion - ANSWER Parkinson's disease resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability - ANSWER Parkinson's disease Roth's spots clinical association - ANSWER bacterial endocarditis retinal hemorrhages with pale centers - ANSWER Roth's spots (seen in bacterial endocarditis) congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia - ANSWER Crigler-Najjar syndrome Severe jaundice in neonates - ANSWER Crigler-Najjar syndrome Rovsing's sign indicates: - ANSWER acute appendicitis severe RLQ pain with palpation of LLQ - ANSWER Rovsing's sign McBurney's sign indicates what? - ANSWER appendicitis McBurney's sign - ANSWER severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness genetic loss of DNA crosslink repair, progresses to AML - ANSWER Fanconi's anemia short stature, increase incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia - ANSWER Fanconi's anemia Simian crease - ANSWER Down syndrome Simian crease - ANSWER single palmar crease Kartagener's syndrome - ANSWER dynein arm defect affecting cilia situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, infertility - ANSWER Kartagener's syndrome primary adrenocortical insufficiency with increase in ACTH and alpha MSH production - ANSWER Addison's disease skin hyperpigmentation, hypotension, fatigue - ANSWER Addison's disease Becker's muscular dystrophy mutation - ANSWER X-linked missense mutation in dystrophin Less severe muscular dystrophy - ANSWER Becker's slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys - ANSWER Becker's muscular dystrophy Koplik spots are associated with what disease? - ANSWER measles (rubeola virus) small, irregular red spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers - ANSWER Koplik's spot Condylomata lata - ANSWER secondary syphilis smooth, flat, moist, painless white lesions on genitals - ANSWER condylomata lata Bacterial endocarditis clinical sign - ANSWER splinter hemorrhages in fingernails Scarlet fever, Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome all present with what symptom? - ANSWER strawberry tongue Turner syndrome - ANSWER 45, XO streak ovaries, congenital heart disease, horseshoe kidneys, cystic hygroma at birth, short stature, webbed neck, lymphadema - ANSWER Turner syndrome Causes of gout/podagra - ANSWER hyperuricemia sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi - ANSWER gout/podagra Scurvy biochemistry - ANSWER vitamin C deficiency leading to inability to hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis swollen gums, mucosal bleeding, poor wound healing, spots on skin - ANSWER Scurvy - Vit C deficency swollen, hard, painful joints - ANSWER osteoarthritis Bouchard's nodes - ANSWER osteophytes on PIP Heberden's nodes - ANSWER osteophytes on DIP crescendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur - ANSWER aortic valve stenosis autosomal dominant ret mutation - ANSWER MEN 2A/B thyroid and parathyroid tumors + pheochromocytoma - ANSWER MEN2A thyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuromatosis - ANSWER MEN 2B Babinski sign indicates what? - ANSWER UMN lesion toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape - ANSWER Babinski sign Unilateral facial drooping involving forehead - ANSWER LMN CN VII palsy Reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome) clinical presentation - ANSWER urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male can't see, can't pee, can't climb a tree Reactive arthritis haplotype - ANSWER HLA-B27 associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome - ANSWER hemangioma vascular port-wine stain birthmark - ANSWER hemangioma Mallory-Weiss syndrome associated with what type of patients? - ANSWER alcoholic and bulimic patients vomiting blood following gastroesophageal lacerations - ANSWER Mallory-Weiss syndrome organisms that causes Wh