Test Bank for Criminology: The Essentials 4th Edition by Anthony Walsh; Cody Jorgensen

Test Bank for CriminologyThe Essentials, 4th Edition, 4e by Anthony Walsh TEST BANK ISBN-13: 9781071813386 Full chapters included 1. An Overview of Crime and Criminology What Is Criminology? What Is Crime? Crime ...

Test Bank for CriminologyThe Essentials, 4th Edition, 4e by Anthony Walsh TEST BANK ISBN-13: 9781071813386 Full chapters included 1. An Overview of Crime and Criminology What Is Criminology? What Is Crime? Crime as a Moving Target Crime as a Subcategory of Social Harms Box 1.1: Mala in Se or Mala Prohibita? The Cannibal and His Willing Victim Beyond Social Construction: The Stationary Core Crimes Criminality The Legal Making of a Criminal What Constitutes a Crime? An Excursion Through the American Criminal Justice System A Short History of Criminology The Supernatural Era The Renaissance The Enlightenment The Industrial Revolution and the Age of Science The Progressive Era The Critical Period The Modern Period The Role of Theory in Criminology Research Snippet: Criminology’s Performance Review What Is Theory? What Is a Good Theory? How to Think About Theories Ideology in Criminological Theory Critical Thinking Connecting Criminological Theory and Social Policy Criminology in Pop Culture: Buyer Beware Summary Exercises and Discussion Questions Useful Websites Chapter Terms Student Study Site Media Library 2. Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior Categorizing and Measuring Crime and Criminal Behavior Uniform Crime Reports: Counting Crime Officially Cleared Offenses Crime Trends Problems With the UCR Problems With Comparing International Crime Rates NIBRS: The “New and Improved” UCR NIBRS, the UCR, and Police Bias in Arrests Crime Victimization Survey Data and Its Problems Areas of Agreement Between the UCR and NCVS Research Snippet: How Dangerous Is Police Work? Self-Report Crime Surveys and Their Problems Crime Mapping White-Collar Crime: The FBI’s Financial Crimes Report Critical Thinking The Dark Figure of Crime What Can We Conclude About the Three Main Measures of Crime in America? Criminology in Pop Culture: The Reality of Crime Rates Summary Exercises and Discussion Questions Useful Websites Chapter Terms Student Study Site Media Library 3. Victimology The Emergence of Victimology Who Gets Victimized? Victimization in the Workplace and at School Workplace Victimization Protection Victimization in Schools Human Trafficking Sexual Assault of Children: Who Gets Victimized? Domestic Violence Victimization Hate Crimes Theory and Examples Identity Theft and Other Forms of Cybervictimization Research Snippet: Victimization and Low Self-Control Theory in Action: A Case of Cybervictimization and Its Consequences Victimization Theories Victim Precipitation Theory Critical Thinking Is Victimology “Blaming the Victim”? Consequences of Victimization Victimization and the Criminal Justice System Box 3.1: Crime Victims’ Bill of Rights Victim–Offender Reconciliation Programs (VORPs) Criminology in Pop Culture: Stranger Danger Summary Exercises and Discussion Questions Useful Websites Chapter Terms Student Study Site Media Library 4. The Early Schools Of Criminology Introduction: Preclassical Notions of Crime and Criminals The Classical School: The Calculating Criminal Jeremy Bentham and Human Nature Rise of Positivism Bentham: A Bridge Between the Classical and Positivist Schools Cartographic Criminology Biological Positivism: Cesare Lombroso and the Born Criminal Raffaele Garofalo: Natural Crime and Offender Peculiarities Theory in Action: Giuseppe Villella: Atavism, Ideology, and Racism Enrico Ferri and Social Defense Deterrence and Choice: Pain Versus Gain Perceptual Deterrence Theory Research Snippet: Deterrence Isn’t Rock Solid Deterrence and the Death Penalty So, What About Deterrence? Is the United States Hard or Soft on Crime? Critical Thinking Evaluation of the Classical and Early Positivist Schools Policy and Prevention: Implications of Deterrence Theories Criminology in Pop Culture: From Cop Killer to Cop Summary Exercises and Discussion Questions Useful Websites Chapter Terms Student Study Site Media Library 5. Crime as Choice Returning to Classic Assumptions of Human Nature Rational Choice Theory What Is Rationality? What Are the Constraints on Rationality? Routine Activities Theory Evaluation of Rational Choice and Routine Activities Theories Research Snippet: Slamming the Gate on Crime Cultural Criminology The Relationship Between Rationality and Emotion Evaluating Cultural Criminology Theory in Action: “Slick Willie” Sutton—“Where the Money Is” Critical Thinking Emotions and Their Functions Primary and Secondary Emotions Important Crime-Preventing Social Emotions Policy and Prevention Implications of Rational Choice and Routine Activities Theories Implications of Cultural Criminology Criminology in Pop Culture: Hitting the Wall Summary Exercises and Discussion Questions Useful Websites Chapter Terms Student Study Site Media Library 6. Social Structural Theories The Social Structural Tradition The Chicago School of Ecology Social Disorganization Evaluation of Social Ecology/Social Disorganization Theory The Anomie/Strain Tradition Émile Durkheim’s Concept of Anomie Robert Merton’s Extension of Anomie Theory Institutional Anomie Theory Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory Extending Anomie: Subcultural Theories Research Snippet: The Strain of Imprisonment Walter Miller’s Focal Concerns Street Gangs Today Why Do Young People Join Gangs? Theory in Action: Anthony and Nathaniel Cook and Oppositional Culture Evaluation of the Anomie/Strain and Subcultural Tradition Critical Thinking Policy and Prevention: Implications of Social Structural Theories Criminology in Pop Culture: It Ain’t All About Poverty Summary Exercises/Discussion Questions Useful Internet Sites Chapter Terms Student Study Site Media Library 7. Social Process Theories The Social Process Tradition Differential Association Theory Evaluation of Differential Association Theory Social Learning Theory Evaluation of Social Learning Theory The Social Control Tradition Travis Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory Four Elements of the Social Bond Gottfredson and Hirschi’s Low Self-Control Theory The Role of Opportunity Integrating Social Control and Self-Control Theories Evaluation of Social Control and Self-Control Theories Labeling Theory: The Irony of Social Reaction Theory in Action: Lionel Tate and Social Control and Self-Control Research Snippet: The Ex-Con Label and Employment Opportunities Sykes and Matza’s Neutralization Theory Evaluation of Labeling and Neutralization Theories Policy and Prevention: Implications of Social Process Theories Critical Thinking Criminology in Pop Culture: It Ain’t All About Parenting Summary Exercises and Discussion Questions Useful Websites Chapter Terms Student Study Site Media Library 8. Critical and Feminist Theories The Conflict Perspective of Society Karl Marx and Revolution Willem Bonger: The First Marxist Criminologist Modern Marxist Criminology Conflict Theory: Max Weber and Power and Conflict Other Critical Criminologies Peacemaking Criminology Convict Criminology Green Criminology Evaluation of Critical Theories Feminist Criminology Concepts and Concerns of Feminist Criminology Women’s Liberation and Crime Power-Control Theory Theory in Action: Revolutionary Marxism, Gender Fluidity, and Patty Hearst Structured Action Theory: “Doing Gender” Explanations From Evolutionary Biology and Neurobiology Research Snippet: Female Employment in a Macho World Anne Campbell’s Staying-Alive Hypothesis Critical Thinking Evaluation of Feminist Theories Policy and Prevention Implications of Critical Theories Implications of Feminist Theories Criminology in Pop Culture: #MeToo and Equating Unequal Offenses Summary Exercises and Discussion Questions Useful Websites Chapter Terms Student Study Site Media Library 9. Psychosocial Theories Introduction: The Two “Great Pillars of Psychology” Intelligence The IQ–Crime Connection Temperament and Personality Sigmund Freud, Modern Psychology, and Personality Personality Traits Positively and Negatively Associated With Criminal Behavior Conscience and Arousal Cognitive Arousal Glen Walters’s Lifestyle Theory Research Snippet: When the Brain’s CEO Is Subpar The Antisocial Personalities Psychopathy Sociopathy Theory in Action: Evil Minds: The Spahalski Twins Mental Illness and Crime Critical Thinking Evaluation of the Psychosocial Perspective Policy and Prevention: Implications of Psychosocial Theories Criminology in Pop Culture: The Popularity of Personality Summary Exercises and Discussion Questions Useful Websites Chapter Terms Student Study Site Media Library 10. Biosocial Approaches The Biosocial Approach Behavioral Genetics Gene–Environment Interaction and Correlation Behavioral Genetics and Criminal Behavior Molecular Genetics Research Snippet: Alleles and Alleys The Neurosciences Softwiring the Brain by Experience Reward Dominance and Prefrontal Dysfunction Theories Evolutionary Psychology The Usefulness of an Evolutionary Framework Theory in Action: Genetics and Neuroscience in Court: The Brian Dugan Case The Evolution of Criminal Traits: Parenting Versus Mating Effort Other Biosocial Risk Factors for Criminality Critical Thinking Evaluation of the Biosocial Perspective Policy and Prevention: Implications of Biosocial Theories Criminology in Pop Culture: What’s in Our Genes? Summary Exercises and Discussion Questions Useful Websites Chapter Terms Student Study Site Media Library 11. Developmental Theories: From Delinquency to Crime to Desistance The Developmental Perspective: Continuity and Change The Juvenile Years and the Age–Crime Curve Risk and Protective Factors for Serious Delinquency Patterns of Serious Delinquency Major Developmental Theories Robert Agnew’s General or “Super Traits” Theory David Farrington’s Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential Theory Terrie Moffitt’s Dual-Pathway Developmental Theory Research Snippet: Nutrition and Neuro psychological Deficits Gender in Moffitt’s Theory Sampson and Laub’s Age-Graded Theory Evaluation of Developmental Theories Theory in Action: Jimmy Boyle, From Underworld Hero to Art Celebrity Critical Thinking Policy and Prevention: Implications of Developmental Theories Criminology in Pop Culture: What’s in the Box? Summary Exercises and Discussion Questions Useful Websites Chapter Terms Student Study Site Media Library 12. Crimes of Violence Violence in History Murder Types of Homicide Mass, Spree, and Serial Murder Mass and Spree Murder Serial Murder Prevalence of Serial Killing Typology of Serial Killers Theories of Serial Killing Theory in Action: Gary Ridgway, America’s Most Prolific Serial Killer Offender Profiling Rape Theories of Rape Robbery Gender and Robbery Aggravated Assault Gun Violence Theories of Violence Research Snippet: More Guns, Less Homicide? Critical Thinking Violence and Inequality Criminology in Pop Culture: Run-of-the-Mill Violence Summary Exercises/Discussion Questions Useful Websites Chapter Terms Student Study Site Media Library 13. Terrorism What Is Terrorism? Is There a Difference Between Terrorists and Freedom Fighters? The Extent of Terrorism Al-Qaeda Hezbollah Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Research Snippet: Aerial Hijackings Domestic Terrorism Ideological: Left Wing Ideological: Right Wing Is There a Terrorist Personality? Terrorism and Common Crime Theory in Action: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma Bombing Critical Thinking Theories of Terrorism Suicide Bombers Law Enforcement Response and Government Policy The Department of Homeland Security and the USA Patriot Act Criminology in Pop Culture: The Popularity of Terrorism Summary Exercises and Discussion Questions Useful Websites Chapter Terms Student Study Site Media Library 14. Property Crime What Is a Property Offense? Larceny-Theft Burglary Home Invasion Burglars and Their Motives Burglary and Gender Choosing Burglary Targets Research Snippet: Gender Differences in Property Crime Disposing of the Loot Theory in Action: Colton Harris-Moore, the Barefoot Bandit Motor Vehicle Theft Carjacking: MV Theft With an Attitude Arson Critical Thinking Crimes of Guile and Deceit: Embezzlement, Fraud, and Forgery/Counterfeiting Criminology in Pop Culture: Art or Crime? Summary Exercises/Discussion Questions Useful Internet Sites Chapter Terms Student Study Site Media Library 15. Public Order Crime What Are Public Order Crimes? Alcohol and Crime Effects of Alcohol and Context on Behavior Binge Drinkers Drunk Driving Alcoholism: Type I and Type II Theory in Action: What “Happy Drunks” Cost Society: The Case of Henry Earl Research Snippet: Religion and Crime Illegal Drugs and Crime Extent of the Illicit Drug Problem Drug Addiction Drug Classification Criminology in Pop Culture: Who Are the Potheads? The Drugs–Violence Link What Causes Drug Abuse? Does Drug Abuse Cause Crime? Drug Abuse and Harm Reduction Prostitution and Commercialized Vice Critical Thinking Becoming a Prostitute Should Prostitution Be Legalized or Decriminalized? Summary Exercises and Discussion Questions Useful Websites Chapter Terms Student Study Site Media Library 16. White-Collar Crime The Concept of White-Collar Crime Occupational Crime Causes of Occupational White-Collar Crime: Are They Different? Corporate Crime The S&L Scandal: The Best Way to Rob a Bank Is to Own One The Enron Scandal: Crooks Cooking Books The Subprime Mortgage Scandal: The Road to Hell Is Paved With Good Intentions Research Snippet: Ripping Off Uncle Sam Theories on the Causes of Corporate Crime Critical Thinking Law Enforcement’s Response to Corporate Crime Theory in Action: Ponzi Schemes From Charles Ponzi to Bernie Madoff Cybercrime: Oh, What a Tangled World Wide Web We Weave! The Silk Road: Amazon.com for Crooks, Creeps, and Crackheads Denial-of-Service Attacks: Virtual Kidnapping and Extortion Who Are the Hackers? Software Piracy Criminology in Pop Culture: When There’s Smoke There’s Fyre Summary Exercises/Discussion Questions Useful Internet Sites Chapter Terms Student Study Site Media Library 17. Organized Crime What Is Organized Crime? Structure Continuity Membership Criminality Political Corruption and Organized Crime A Brief History of Organized Crime in the United States Affirming the Existence of Organized Crime Research Snippet: Kill the King Snake, Stir the Nest Other Organized Crime Groups The Russian Mafiya The Japanese Yakuza Theory in Action: James “Whitey” Bulger and the Winter Hill Gang Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs African American Organized Crime Latino Groups Critical Thinking Theories of Organized Crime Law Enforcement’s Response to Organized Crime Criminology in Pop Culture: What an Oxymoron