WGU- Educational Assessment Q&A
with Complete, Verified and Correct
Answers
Absolute Grading Correct Answer- A common type is the use of letter grades defined by a 100-
point system. In the case of an individual test
...
WGU- Educational Assessment Q&A
with Complete, Verified and Correct
Answers
Absolute Grading Correct Answer- A common type is the use of letter grades defined by a 100-
point system. In the case of an individual test, this 100-point system might represent the
percentage of items correct or the total number of points earned on the test. When used as a
final grade, it typically represents a combining of scores from various tests and other
assessment results.
Strengths
1. Grades can be described directly in terms of student performance, without reference to the
performance of others.
2. All students can obtain high grades if mastery outcomes are stressed and instruction is
effective.
Limitations
1. Performance standards are set in an arbitrary manner and are difficult to specify and justify.
2. Performance standards tend to vary unintentionally due to variations in test difficulty,
assignments, student ability, and instructional effectiveness.
3. Grades can be assigned without clear reference to what has been achieved (but, of course,
they should not be).
Accommodations Commonly Used for Students with Disabilities. Correct Answer- Presentation
accommodations allow a student with a disability to access information in ways other than
standard visual or auditory means (e.g., by reading or listening).
Response accommodations allow students with disabilities to complete instructional
assignments or assessments through ways other than typical verbal or written responses.
Setting accommodations allow for a change in the environment or in how the environment is
structured.
Timing and scheduling accommodations allow students extra time to complete an activity or a
testAccommodations Correct Answer- Do not change the expectations for learning
Do not reduce the requirements of the task
Achievement Assessment Correct Answer- achievement assessment is a broad category that
includes all of the various methods for determining the extent to which students are achieving
the intended learning outcomes of instruction
Alternative Assessments Correct Answer- A title for performance assessments that emphasizes
that these assessment methods provide an alternative to traditional paper-and-pencil testing.
Analytic Scoring Correct Answer- The assignment of scores to individual components of a
performance or product. Provides diagnostic information useful for improving performance.
*grades specific criteria.
Arranging Items on a Test Correct Answer- 1. For instructional purposes, it is usually desirable
to group together items that measure the same outcome.
-Each group of items can then be identified by an appropriate heading (e.g., knowledge,
understanding, application).
-The inclusion of the headings helps to identify the areas where students are having difficulty
and to plan for remedial action.
2. Where possible, all items of the same type should be grouped together.
-This arrangement makes it possible to provide only one set of directions for each item type. It
also simplifies the scoring and the analysis of the results.
3. The items should be arranged in terms of increasing difficulty.
-This arrangement has motivational effects on students and will prevent them from getting
"bogged down" by difficult items early in the test.
Assessment is most effective when Correct Answer- 1. Designed to assess a clearly defined set
of intended learning outcomes.
2. The nature and function of the assessments are congruent with the outcomes to be assessed.3. The assessments are designed to fit the relevant student characteristics and are fair to
everyone.
4. Assessments provide information that is meaningful, dependable, and relevant.
5. Provision is made for giving the students early feedback of assessment results.
6. Specific learning weaknesses are revealed by the assessment results.
7. Assessment results provide information useful for evaluating the appropriateness of the
objectives, the methods, and the materials of instruction.
Assigning Grades Correct Answer- Achievement:(i.e., how the student is performing in relation
to expected grade-level goals)
Growth: (i.e., the amount of individual improvement over time)
Habits: (e.g., participation, behavior, effort, attendance)
Authentic Assessments Correct Answer- A title for performance assessments that stresses the
importance of focusing on the application of understandings and skills to real problems in realworld; contextual settings.
Benchmark Correct Answer- Statements that follow a standard and clarify in broad terms what
the standard means.
Bias in Tests and Testing Correct Answer- refers to construct-irrelevant components that result
in systematically lower or higher scores for identifiable groups of examinees.
the presence of some characteristic of an item and/or test that results in two individuals of the
same ability but from different subgroups performing differently on the item and/or test.
Therefore, it is most important that there are no ambiguities in the test items (questions and
responses), passages, prompts, stimulus materials, artwork, graphs, charts, and test-related
ancillaries.Bloom's taxonomy Correct Answer- 6. Creating- Putting information together in an innovative
way.
5. Evaluating- Making judgments based on a set of guidelines.
4. Analysis- Breaking the concept into parts and understanding
3. Applying- Use knowledge gained in new ways.how each part is related to one another.
2. Understanding- making sense of what you have learned.
1. Remembering- recalling relevant knowledge from long term memory.
Classroom Achievement Tests Correct Answer- The tests designed for classroom use provide a
systematic procedure for determining the extent to which intended learning outcomes have
been achieved
Construct Irrelevance Correct Answer- Extent to which test scores are influenced by factors
(e.g., mode of presentation or response)
that are irrelevant (not related) to the construct that the test is intended to measure.
Content standards Correct Answer- describe what students should know and be able to do at
the end of a specified period of learning (e.g., a grade or series of grades). They provide a
framework for curriculum development, instruction, and the assessment of student
achievement. Various professional organizations have also developed sets of content standards
in their particular subject areas. It is hoped that the use of such standards will raise
achievement expectations, increase the quality of public education, provide a better informed
citizenship, and make the country more competitive with other countries.
Content-Referenced Interpretation Correct Answer- Essentially the same meaning as domainreferenced interpretation when the content domain is broadly defined to include tasks
representing both content and process (i.e., reactions to the content). This term is declining in
use and being replaced by criterion-referenced interpretation.
Criterion-Referenced Interpretation Correct Answer- Principal Use-Mastery testing.
Major Emphasis-Describes tasks students can perform.
Interpretation of Results-Compares performance to a clearly specified achievement domain.Content Coverage-Typically focuses on a limited set of learning tasks.
Nature of Test Plan-Detailed domain specifications are favored.
Item Selection Procedures-Includes all items needed to adequately describe performance. No
attempt is made to alter item difficulty or to eliminate easy items to increase the spread of
scores.
Performance Standards-Level of performance is commonly determined by absolute standards
(e.g., demonstrates mastery by defining 90 percent of the technical terms).
according to a specified domain of clearly fined learning tasks
a test or other type of assessment designed to provide a measure of performance that is
interpretable in terms of a clearly defined and delimited domain of learning tasks.
Other terms that are less often used but have meanings similar to criterion referenced:
standards based
objective referenced
content referenced
domain referenced
universe referenced.
Diagnostic Assessment Correct Answer- (identifies causes of learning problems)
To diagnose learning difficulties during instruction
Example: Test of math computational skills necessary for learning math
Different Types of Validity Correct Answer- Face validity: Do the assessment items appear to be
appropriate?
Content validity: Does the assessment content cover what you want to assess?
Criterion-related validity: How well does the test measure what you want it to?
Construct validity: Are you measuring what you think you're measuring?Domain-Referenced Interpretation Correct Answer- Assessment results are interpreted in terms
of a relevant and clearly defined set of related tasks (called a domain). Meaning is similar to
criterion-referenced interpretation but the term is less used, even though it is a more
descriptive term.
Elementary and Secondary Education Act 1994 (ESEA). Reauthorized Correct AnswerChallenging standards were set for student achievement and to develop and administered to
"all" students and required that all schools make "Adequate Yearly Practice". It also included
"special needs students" in the definition of all students. States were required to set
challenging standards for student achievement, and develop and administer assessments to
measure student progress towards those standards. Federal laws such as ESEA and IDEA can be
seen as legislated attempts to 'raise the bar.'
Evaluating Performance Correct Answer- Rubrics: an objective set of guidelines that defines the
criteria used to score or grade an assignment.
Portfolios: collection of artifacts, or individual work samples, that represent a student's
performance over a period of time.
Self-assessment: process of students using specific criteria to evaluate and reflect on their own
work.
Extended Performance Tasks Correct Answer- typically less well structured and broad in scope
Example: Design and conduct an experiment
Factors That Lower the Reliability of Test Scores Correct Answer- 1. Test scores are based on
too few items.
(Remedy: Use longer tests or accumulate scores from several short tests.)
2. Range of scores is too limited.
(Remedy: Adjust item difficulty to obtain larger spread of scores.)
3. Testing conditions are inadequate.
(Remedy: Arrange opportune time for administration and eliminate interruptions, noise, and
other disrupting factors.)
4. Scoring is subjective.(Remedy: Prepare scoring keys and follow carefully when scoring essay answers.)
Factors That Lower the Validity of Assessment Results Correct Answer- 1. Tasks that provide an
inadequate sample of the achievement to be assessed.
2. Tasks that do not function as intended, due to use of improper types of tasks, lack of
relevance, ambiguity, clues, bias, inappropriate difficulty, or similar factors.
3. Improper arrangement of tasks and unclear directions.
4. Too few tasks for the types of interpretation to be made (e.g., interpretation by objective
based on a few test items).
5. Improper administration—such as inadequate time allowed and poorly controlled conditions.
6. Judgmental scoring that uses inadequate scoring guides, or objective scoring that contains
computational errors.
Formal Assessments Correct Answer- (administered formally in the classroom)
large-scale assessments at the school, district, state, national, and international levels;
standardized tests
Formative Assessments Correct Answer- (monitors learning progress)
To monitor learning progress during instruction
Example: End of lesson quiz
General Responsibilities of Ethical Practices Correct Answer- 1. Protect the health and safety of
all participants
2. Be knowledgeable about and behave in compliance with state and federal laws relevant to
the conduct of professional activities
3. Maintain and improve their professional competence in educational assessment
4. Provide assessment services only in areas of their competence and experience, affording full
disclosure of their professional qualifications
5. Promote the understanding of sound assessment practices in educations6. Adhere to the highest standards of conduct and promote professionally responsible conduct
with educational institutions and agencies that provide educational services
7. Perform all professional responsibilities with honesty, integrity, due care, and fairness.
Grade Equivalents Correct Answer- indicates relative test performance in terms of the grade
level at which the student's raw score matches the average score earned by the norm group.
Guidelines for Effective and Fair Grading Correct Answer- Inform students at the beginning of
instruction what grading procedures will be used.
Base grades on student achievement, and achievement only.
Base grades on a wide variety of valid assessment data.
When combining scores for grading, use a proper weighting technique.
Select an appropriate frame of reference for grading.
Review borderline cases by reexamining all achievement evidence.
Guidelines for Effective Student Assessment Correct Answer- 1. Effective assessment requires a
clear conception of all intended learning outcomes.
2. Effective assessment requires that a variety of assessment procedures be used.
3. Effective assessment requires that the instructional relevance of the procedures be
considered.
4. Effective assessment requires an adequate sample of student performance.
5. Effective assessment requires that the procedures be fair to everyone
6. Effective assessment requires the specifications of criteria for judging successful
performance.
7. Effective assessment requires feedback to students t
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