Med Surg Final

Med Surg Final preload Correct Answer: Postural hypotension is likely in the setting of a decrease in ______ which decreases cardiac output. blood pressure Correct Answer: The ______ represents the amount of pres ...

Med Surg Final preload Correct Answer: Postural hypotension is likely in the setting of a decrease in ______ which decreases cardiac output. blood pressure Correct Answer: The ______ represents the amount of pressure that is exerted on the walls of the arteries during systole and diastole and is influenced by cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance. apical pulse (point of maximal impulse) Correct Answer: Auscultate the ______ at the intersection of the fifth intercostal and midclavicular line. acidosis Correct Answer: Hypoxemia and _____ suppress cardiac contractility and could lead to a decrease in stoke volume and cardiac output. 40% Correct Answer: An ejection fraction less than _____ is indicative of impaired left ventricular function. vasodilation Correct Answer: Estrogen contributes to __________ and enhances coronary blood flow (with menopause estrogen levels decline). consciousness , mental status Correct Answer: Changes in cardiac output impairs level of _______ and _______. pain, pallor, paresthesia, paralysis, poikilothermia/polar, pulselessness and capillary refill. Correct Answer: Determine changes in arterial blood flow by assessing for: oxygenation Correct Answer: Chronic reduction of _______ and nutrients to the skin results in lair loss, dry scaling skin, ulcerations and brittle nails. pulse pressure ( systolic minus diastolic) Correct Answer: The _______ is a reflection of the stroke volume and the cardiac output. light Correct Answer: Assess pulses using _____ palpation. aortic, pulmonic, tricuspid, mitral valve Correct Answer: Auscultate heart sound over the ______ (second intercostal space just right of the stermum), _______ (second intercostal space just to the left of the sternum), _______ (4th intercostal space left of the sternum) and _______ (5th intercostal space midclavicular region) 25-30 Correct Answer: A BMI of ______ is overweight while less than 18.5 is underweight and both findings could increase the risk for disorders (one pound is equivalent to 3500 calories). >200 mg/dL Correct Answer: Cholesterol levels ______ increases the risk for CAD. (homocysteine) Correct Answer: Substances _________ that damage the endothelial lining of arteries increase the risk for thrombus formation and lead to stroke, CAD, and PVD. inflammation ` Correct Answer: Elevated C-Reactive protein levels suggests _________. II, VI Correct Answer: Lead ______ and _____ provide the best visualization for atrial and ventricular depolarization respectively. depression, elevation Correct Answer: ST segment ______ suggests myocardial ischemia while ST ______ suggests infarct. the hearts ability to respond to increased o2 demand Correct Answer: Cardiac stress test is done with exercise or pharmacologic agents to determine: echocardiogram Correct Answer: The ______ shows the direction of blood flow through the direction of blood flow through the chambers, the heart size / shape, ventricular function, and ejection fraction. CAD Correct Answer: Cardiac catheterization is preformed to diagnose ____ and the extent of coronary artery occlusion. Na Correct Answer: Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) triggers ______ excretion and a decrease in volume. increase Correct Answer: BNP levels ______ as ventricular pressure increases in order to rid the body of excess fluid. >100 pg/mL Correct Answer: A BNP level _______ suggests HF. nephrotoxic Correct Answer: Contrast medium is ______ and is contraindicated if the patients has allergies to iodine, shellfish, or seafood, is pregnant or has an elevated creatinine. life threatening Correct Answer: Premature ventricular contractions could trigger __________ dysrhythmias. 2-3 Correct Answer: Therapeutic levels of warfarin (coumadin) when used for a-fib is an international therapeutic ratio of _____. dysrhythmias Correct Answer: Fatal _____ may occur following cardiac catheterization. 0 (absent) to 4+ (more than 8mm) Correct Answer: Grade pitting edema from: fluid volume Correct Answer: Changes in ______ effect blood volume and contributes to hypotension or hypertension. Wheezing Correct Answer: ______ is a sign of lower airway narrowing. Crackles Correct Answer: _______ is a sign of fluid accumulation typically auscultated in the lower basis of the lungs. increased pressure Correct Answer: JVD, peripheral edema, hepatomegaly, scrotal edema, SOB, and crackles suggest ______ and filling volumes in the ventricles (fluid volume overload). S3 Correct Answer: ______ is a significant finding in older adults and may suggest HF. Atrioventricular, semilunar Correct Answer: ________ (tricuspid and mitral) and ______ (pulmonic and aortic) create the heart sound "lub-dub" and maintain blood flow through the heart in one direction. heart murmurs Correct Answer: Valve disorders contribute to turbulent blood flow and heart murmurs. 140/90 Correct Answer: Hypertension consists of having a BP greater than or equal to: Myocardial ischemia or infarct Correct Answer: _________ may occur with blockages or constriction of coronary arteries. enzymes (creatine kinase, CK-MB) Correct Answer: Unresolved ischemia leads to necrosis of myocardial cells and the release of _______ and proteins (troponin T, troponin I, and myoglobin) into the blood stream. pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins Correct Answer: Deoxygenated blood leaves the right side of the heart through the _______ and carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli while oxygen diffuses into the pulmonary capillary and is brought back to the left side of the heart via the ________. right atrium Correct Answer: Blood flow to the _______ is done through the inferior and superior vena cava. sinoatrial (SA) node Correct Answer: The _____ initiates the impulse that causes atrial contraction which is observed by a p wave on the electrocardiogram (EKG). dysrhythmias Correct Answer: Impaired cardiac conduction between the SA node, AV node, bundle of his, right and left bundle branch and the Purkinje fibers contributes to _______. contraction Correct Answer: Depolarization results in cardiac ______ while repolarization results in the return of the chambers to a resting state. ventricles Correct Answer: The total amount of blood that leaves the ______ in one minute makes up the cardiac output. cardiac output Correct Answer: Disorders that impair the heart rate or stroke volume will affect _______. stroke volume Correct Answer: ________ on average is between 60-130 milliliters. parasympathetic nervous system Correct Answer: Stimulation of the _______ in vagal nerve innervation and a slowing of the heart rate.