CPH Exam Questions with accurate answers. Graded A. 2022/2023..

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CPH Exam Questions with accurate answers. Graded A. 2022/2023. It is well recognized that one of the easiest ways to increase statistical power is to increase the sample size. Which of the foll... owing could also be used to increase power in a study. - ✔✔Reduce error through using appropriate methods **Power is primarily influenced by two things, sample size and variability. Power increases as sample size increases or variability decreases. Variability includes two parts, true variability and error varibility. We collected 100 samples of size thirty of household income in Arkansas with population mean, mu=50 (in thousands). the sample mean, X and sample standard deviation, s, were recorded and the 95% confidence interval for mu was taken for each sample. Given the 100 confidence intervals, how many do you expect to cover the population mean mu=50? - ✔✔95 **A 95% confidence interval implies that were the estimation process repeated again and again, the 95% of the calculated intervals would be expected to contain the true parameter value mu=50. Randominzation, stratified analysis, and matching - ✔✔minimize confounding Which of the following about the stage of change from the Transtheoretical Model is true - ✔✔Action refers to behavior change for less than 6 months The best time to prepare an evaluation plan for a health intervention program is: - ✔✔During the program planning period **An evaluation perspective when applied during planning can assure that the program intervention is specific enough to support rigorous evaluation A major obstacle to risk communication effectiveness is that most risks are derived from uncertainty, complexity, and incompleteness of environmental data. Which of the following are additional obstacles to risk communication? - ✔✔The distrust felt by the general public due to disagreements among experts; lack of coordination among risk management organizations; inadequate training of experts and spokespersons in risk communication skills Jacobson v massachusetts brought to light that there are difficult tradeoffs between public and private interets awhich can extend to many areas of public health concern. What prominent and still current public health issue was the basis of this debate. - ✔✔Compulsory vaccination The national consensus public health strategy of the government, public health organizations and citizens is known as: - ✔✔Healthy People Which of the following intervention messages is most likely to have an impact on behavior? - ✔✔Based on health education theory and tailored to the target audience Which of the following is not a method for controlling confounding by demographic variable like age in epidemiologic studies? - ✔✔Blinding Which of the following questions should one ask to determine whether programs are evidence-based interventions? - ✔✔What interventions have been scientifically proven to promote good health behaviors? A limitation to using hospital discharge data to assess community health problems is: - ✔✔Data are only available for sicker people who are admitted to a hospital. A group of high school teachers are concerned about the increased level of aggressive behavior they are observing on school grounds and decide to take action by trying and evaluating an intervention based upon a new untested idea. Which of the folliwing tools might be the most useful in designing the intervention program and the evaluation? - ✔✔A logic model that describes program resources, activities, and outcomes Motivational Interviewing is - ✔✔Often times used to assist individuals in overcoming ambivalence about changing a risk behavior **MI is a directive, client centered counseling style or technique for eliciting behavior change by helping individuals to explore and resolve their ambivalence toward the behavior. Which of the following probability distributions is used to model very rare events? - ✔✔Poisson Which of the following statements is true with respect to power - ✔✔Power is the capacity of person A to influence person B to do something that person B would not otherwise choose to do The standard error (SE) of a sample statistic is - ✔✔The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic Stidoes A, B, C show similar results. One limitation of a meta-analysis of these three studies is the failure to: - ✔✔display differences between trials The value of accreditation by national accrediting bodies is to: - ✔✔improve performance by creating a structure to allow organizations to assess their capacity and improve health outcomes The statement that most accurately reflects the primary intent of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act when enacted in 1996 is - ✔✔Provide better acess to health insurance, reduce administrative costs, and protect the privacy of health information According to the theory if reasoned action (TRA), the most important determinant of behavior is a person's - ✔✔behavioral intention Case Control Study - ✔✔Collection of exposure histories from a group of persons with a specific disease and from a comparison group to determine the relative frequency of an exposure under study In a study to determine the incidence of a chronic disease, 150 people were examined at the end of a three-year period, and 12 cases were found, giving a cumulative risk of 8%. In addition, 50 other members of the initial cohort could not be examined; 20 of these 50 could not be examined because they died. Which source of bias may have affected the study? - ✔✔Survival bias A new screening test for Disease A was tested in 200 people. 40 out of 45 people with Disease A tested posiitve on the test. 145 out of 155 people without the disease tested negaitve. What is the positive predictive value of the new test? - ✔✔40/50=.80 PPV=a/a+b A tobacco user has contemplated quitting smoking. He is aware that smoking is a problem for him and wants to quit in the future. If the tobacco user is moving along the Stages of Change, you can assume his next action will be - ✔✔Skipping a few cigarettes The two most important environmental justice components that affect exposure to environmental health and injury risks are: - ✔✔Race and income A local health department has begun to evaluate the way it provides services to the community. After completing a stratefic plan and reorgaizing its programs, the LHD starts to restructure programs offered to the community, based ont he objectives in the Ottawa Charter. What is the correct approach for the LHD to utilize in its pursuit of a healthy community? - ✔✔Facilitate programming with organizations which have both helath and non-health related policies Which of the following is likely to be the singlem most effective method of communicating helath education to middle aged men in an African-American community characterized by lower socioeconomic status? - ✔✔Community health workers in barbershops, convienence stores, and takeout food businesses Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of hte helath care marketplace? - ✔✔Providers often face abarriers to entry To specify individual susceptibilities, researchers have developed various biomarkers. Which of the following biomarkers could be ethically questionable? - ✔✔The determination of the genotype can lead to unequal treatment of individuals with the "wrong" genotype Which of the following represents a method of precenting adult mosquitoes from developing - ✔✔Using larvicides, such a Bacillus sphaeius or Methoprene The t-distribution approaches what distribution as its degress of freedom increases - ✔✔Standard normal distribution The process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress is - ✔✔Disease prevention The lengths of stay for six patients were 0,0,1,2,2 and 16 days. Which are the best measure to summarize these data? - ✔✔Median and range An epidemiologist attempts to predict the weight of an elderly person from demispan. She randomly chooses 70 elderly subjects in a particular geographic area and records their weight and the demispan measurements in the form of (x i, y i) for i=1,..., 70 Given that the value of the Pearson correlation coefficient is zero, what can be deduced? - ✔✔There could be some nonlinear relationship between weight and demispan **Pearson coorelation only looks at linear relationships. The zero value means that there is no limnear relation but there could be a nonlinear one. Which of the following statistical tests is not considered a nonparametric test? - ✔✔Turkeys test A reasearcher is designing a new questionnaire to examine patient stress levels on a scale of 0-5. What type of outcome variable is being collected? - ✔✔Ordinal I f the chances for a second event to occur say the same, regardless of the outcome of a first event, the the two events are: - ✔✔independent In simple linear regression, what is a method of determining the slope and intercept of the best-fitting line? - ✔✔Least squares In a group of individuals, the probability of characteristic C is 0.4, and the probability of charateristic D is 0.2. The probability of their intersection is .10. Which of the following states is correct? - ✔✔Characteristics C and D are not independent If all of the numbers in a list increase by 2, then the standard deviation is: - ✔✔Unchanged The sensitivity of a particular screening test for a disease is 95%, and the specificity is 90%. Which of the following statements is most correct? - ✔✔Of 100 people sampled from a population with the disease, the test will correctly detect 95 individuals as positive for the disease Which is the most correct statement about a scatterplot? - ✔✔It is used to investigate the relationship between two continuous variables The cnetral limit theorem states that - ✔✔The sample mean is approximately normal Assume that a researcher has measured weight in a sample of 100 overweight adults before and after a diet and exercise program conducted at the locall health department's weekly Eat Healthy-Be Fit community program. To determine whether the mean weight decreased six weeks after the exercise program compared to the initial baseline measures, the researcher should - ✔✔Conduct a t-test for dependent samples Now assume that the researcher has meausre weight in a sample of 200 overweight adults who have been randomized to receive either the diet and exercise program. All subjects are weighed at baseline and again six weeks later. Choosing from the following analysis options, which is the most appropriate way to determine whether the diet program had an impact on weight loss? - ✔✔Conduct an analysis of covariance using the weight at six weeks as the dependent variable, the diet and exercise program versus control group as the independent variable, and the baseline weight as a covariance Select the most correct statement concerning relative risk and odds ratios - ✔✔A relative risk of 10 has the same strength of association as a relative risk of 0.1 **A risk ratio measures the increased risk for developing a disease after being exxposed to a risk factor compared to not being exposed to the risk factor. It is given by RR=risk for the exposed/risk for the unexposed, and it is often referred to as the relative risk, which is a proportion A type I error is defined as - ✔✔The probability of rejecting the null hyptohesis when the null hypothesis is ture Assume that a linear regression analysis is performed. Which of the following results would justify a different method of analysis for the data? - ✔✔The r 2=.001 Which of the following statements expresses the basic logic of financial accounting - ✔✔Assests=liability + equity Sensitivity and specificity of a screening test refer to its - ✔✔Validity [Show More]

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