Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen College Exam Questions and Answers

Homeostasis - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS o A state in which all systems are in balance. State of equilibrium. Maintaining internal conditions stable. Allostasis: - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS o Ability to successfully adapt to c ...

Homeostasis - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS o A state in which all systems are in balance. State of equilibrium. Maintaining internal conditions stable. Allostasis: - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS o Ability to successfully adapt to challenges. Intricate regulatory processes orchestrated by the brain. Epidemiology: - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Study of diseases within a population. Epidemiology is the method used to find the causes of health outcomes and diseases in populations. Review the different levels of disease prevention such as primary, secondary, and tertiary as well as examples for each. - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS o primary: Altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible person (Example: Immunization) o secondary: Early detection screening, and management of disease. (Example: cancer screening, performing months breast examinations) o tertiary: Rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning. (Example: PT/OT following stroke) Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic nervous systems. - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS o Sympathetic: Fight or Flight response o Parasympathetic: Rest and digest What happens to the body during "fight-or-flight" response? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS o Body focuses on specific organs and tissue to survive until body alleviates itself from stressor § Dilate pupils § Inhibit salivation § Increase heartbeat § Relax airway § Inhibit activity of stomach § Stimulate relapse of glucose; inhibit gallbladder § vii.Inhibit activity of intestine § viii.Secrete epi and norepinephrine § Relax bladder § Promote ejaculation and vaginal contraction What is a hypersensitivity? Review the four different types of hypersensitivities: - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Antigenic response beyond what is considered normal Response to antigens (allergens) leading to damage: Type I :Anaphylaxtic Type II: Cytotoxic Type III: Immune complex hypersensitivity Type Iv: Delayed cell mediated Review the difference between active and passive immunity, know examples for each type. - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS o Active immunity: When the body creates antibodies when coming into contact with a virus. Ex: Vaccination o Passive immunity: Passing on antigens. Ex: Breast feeding Review the difference between active and passive immunity, know examples for each type. - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS vActive - when the body creates a antibodies once coming into contact with specific virus Passive - when passed from mother to child through breast milk or blood stream Review the various factors that can contribute to edema. - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS o Increases in capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood vessel blockage, incompetent venous valves o Increased capillary permeability (inflammation) o Congestive heart failure o High blood volume or HTN o Decrease in plasma proteins (such as albumin) o Blockage of lymphatic drainage (due to cancer or removal of lymph tissue) Review the differences between benign and malignant tumors. - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS -Benign More closely resembles original tissue type Grows more slowly Little vascularity Rarely necrotic Does not invade adjacent tissue or spread to distant sites Malignant -Malignant cells ignore growth controlling signals -Proliferate despite lack of growth-initiating signals from the environment -Escape signals to die and achieve a kind of immortality -Display a lack of differentiated features(anaplasia) and contribute poorly or not at all to the function of their tissue Metastasis - process by which cancer cells escape their tissue of origin and initiate new colonies of cancer in distant sites Review the differences between benign and malignant tumors. - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Benign: Localized, generally curable -More closely resembles original tissue type -Grows more slowly -Little vascularity -Rarely necrotic -Often retains original function -Noninvasive, does not invade adjacent tissue Malignant: Ex: Anastasia, and metastasis -Malignant cells ignore growth controlling signals -Proliferate despite lack of growth-initiating signals from the environment -Escape signals to die and achieve a kind of immortality -Display a lack of differentiated features(anaplasia) and contribute poorly or not at all to the function of their tissue Review signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease. - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Caused by Stress, smoking, genetics. No relation between diet and PUD. Caused by NSAIDS, stress (gluccocorticoids) smoking Bacterial infection: H. Pylori key role in promoting both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation, thrives in acidic conditions, slow rate of ulcer healing, high rate of recurrence, clearance of Hy. Pyloric promotes ulcer healing Clinical Manifestations: Epigastric burning pain- occurs on an empty stomach. Pain of duodenal ulcer classically occurs to 2-3 hours after. Meal. Treatment: Reduce acidity to heal the injured mucosa, antibiotics, proton pumps inhibitors, sucralfate. Review signs and symptoms of appendicitis. How do we assess for this condition? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Inflammation of vermiform appendix. Obstruction by fecalith. Rebound tenderness.Systemic signs of inflammation Check blood work, "mcburnies point" Review signs and symptoms of liver disease. Review complications of liver disease such as ascites, hepatic encephalopathy and esophageal varices. How are esophageal varices managed/treated? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Signs and symptoms of Liver disease o Jaundice of the eyes - Staining issues by bilirubin - Results from impaired bilirubin metabolism o Bloody stool What role does albumin play in the blood? What happens to albumin production with liver failure? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Helps keep fluid in blood vessels and helps transport materials like vitamins, enzymes, and hormones. Liver failure decreases albumin production What are the function of the kidneys? How do we assess for renal disorders? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Function of kidneys o Regulate water and electrolyte levels o Produces erythropoietin Assessment: o CVA tenderness o Urine test 1. Dipstick and microscopic urinalysis o Ultra sound What is cystic kidney disease? What causes this condition? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS a. Cystic kidney disease - Genetically transmitted renal disorder, resulting in fluid filled; may be localized to one area or affect both kidneys b. Causes - autosomal recessive forms, autosomal dominant types (most common, symptoms appears later in life) Review the following terms: · nephrons, · hematuria, · proteinuria, · nephrolithiasis, · pyelonephritis, · cystitis - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS a. Nephrons - helps create urine b. Hematuria - blood in urine c. Proteinuria - protein in urine d. Nephrolithiasis - kidney stones e. Pyelonephritis - type of urinary tract infection, starts out as a UTI then travels to kidneys f. Cystitis - bladder infection Review signs and symptoms of acute kidney injury (AKI). Review causes of AKI including prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal. Know examples of each type of injury. - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Signs & symptoms a. Disruptions in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances b. Retention of nitrogenous waste products c. Increased serum creatinine d. Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Prerenal: Disruptions to renal perfusion. Ex: Hypovolemia, hypotension Postrenal: Disruption to urine flow distal to. the kidneys.Ex: Stone in ureter, tumor, enlarged prostate Intrinsic: Damage/ disruptions within the kidney blood vessels, tubules or glomeruli Ex: Damage to renal tubules resulting in acute tubular necrosis What is compartment syndrome? Why does it occur and what are the signs? Remember the 5 P's - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS o Dangerous complication of soft-tissue injury - results from swelling of injured tissue within a restrictive fascia o Causes - decreased compartment size, increased compartment content, or externally applied pressure o Edema causes increased pressure in the compartment; pressure reduces capillary flow; muscle and nerves become ischemic. o If pressure not reduced, tissue necrosis occurs Five P's: Pain out of proportion to the injury, paralysis, paresthesia pallor, pulselessness What are pressure ulcers? How are the staged and how can we prevent them? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS -Localized areas of cellular necrosis resulting from prolonged pressure between any bony prominence and an external object such as a bed or wheelchair -Pressure sores or decubitus ulcers most common in bedridden or elderly patients -Risks - poor nutrition, aging, immobility, superficial sensory loss, bowel/bladder incontinence • Stage I Intact skin with nonblanchable redness - if you put pressure, then your area of pressure stays red • Stage II Partial-thickness skin loss involving epidermis, dermis, or both • Stage III Full-thickness tissue loss with visible fat • Stage IV Full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, muscle, or tendon What are electrolyte reservoirs? What electrolytes are found stored in bones? - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS -Bones act as a electrolyte reservoir. -Calcium found in bones in the form of calcium phosphate salts Review diseases of the bone including: osteomyelitis, osteosarcoma, osteomalacia, and osteoporosis - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS osteomyelitis: Severe pyogenic infection of bone and local tissue. Organism reached bone through bloodstream. If not managed, resulting necrotic bone can separate from healthy bone into dead segments. Antibiotics osteosarcoma, Extremely malignant bone forming tumor and most common. Grows rapidly and very destructive. Very painful osteomalacia, Precursor to osteoporosis, (rickets is in children) in adults. Due to lack of calcium and vitamin D osteoporosis: Most common metabolic disease. Occurs when rate of bon resorption is greater than bone formation. Shortened stature, muscle wasting, back muscle spasm, difficulty bending over. Weight bearing joints most affected Review disorders of the joints including: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and gout. Know causes and signs/symptoms for each. - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS rheumatoid arthritis: Autoimmune disease. Possibly related to genetics. Inlammatory response joints leading to accumulation of immune cells. Malaise osteoarthritis: Elder patients. Localized. Degenerative joint disorer. Layer of cartilage is worn down causing bone to grind against one another. Leading to painful and swelling. Due to wear and tear. psoriatic arthritis: associated with psoriasis. Caused by genetic factors. T-lymphocytes and macrophages make their way into joint cavities and cause inflammation. gout: Disorder in which disturbance of uric acid metabolism leads to deposition of uric acid crystals in joints. Risk increases with age. Nodules trapped in joint cavity. Target is the big toe. Foods to avoid are processed food. steak, shrimp, alcohol. Target uric acid to be secreted by the kidneys Review endocrine disorders of the pituitary gland including: gigantism, dwarfism, acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, SIADH - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS a. gigantism: Occurs childhood, before the ends (epiphyses) of the bone close. Accelerated growth velocity. Left untreated may grow larger than 8 feet. Lead to heart failure. b. dwarfism: Lack receptors for GH. Hypoglycemia, thin hair, poor nail growth, delayed puberty. c. acromegaly: Occurs in adults after skeletal epiphyses close. Tmors causing too much growth of pituitary gland. d. diabetes insipidus: Caused by decrease or lack of ADH production. Kidneys are unable to retain water in body. Results in output of profuse amount of dilute urine and extreme thirst. Can be caused by damage to the hypothalamus or the posterior pituitary. Lack of water leading to dehydration. S/S are dizziness, disorientation, nausea, rapid heart rate, and headaches e. SIADH: Body produces too much ADH. Results in retention of water in the body (water intoxication) very little urine output (oliguria) high urine osmolality , Results in edema, weight gain, hyponatremia. Hyponatremia can lead to seizure , confusion, coma ,death Review which organisms/viruses contribute to the following conditions: pelvic inflammatory disease, cervical cancer, UTIs, herpes, syphilis - THE CORRECT ANSWER IS Pelvic Inflammatory Disease -Common organisms -Neisseria gonorrhoeae -Chlamydia trachomatis Cervical Cancer -Detected by evaluating cervical cells (Pap test) -Causes -Human papillomavirus (HPV) (certain types)