Advanced PATHO HESI set 2 Latest Update with Verified Solutions

Advanced PATHO HESI set 2 Latest Update with Verified Solutions A 77-year-old woman has been brought to the emergency department by her daughter because of a sudden and unprecedented onset of confusion. The patient ad ...

Advanced PATHO HESI set 2 Latest Update with Verified Solutions A 77-year-old woman has been brought to the emergency department by her daughter because of a sudden and unprecedented onset of confusion. The patient admits to ingesting large amounts of baking soda since the morning in an effort to treat indigestion. How will the woman's body attempt to resolve this disruption in acid-base balance? Hypoventilation Arterial blood gases of a patient with a diagnosis of acute renal failure reveal a pH of 7.25 (low), HCO3-of 21 mEq/L (low), decreased PCO2 accompanied by a respiratory rate of 32 (high). What disorder of acid-base balance is the patient most likely experiencing? Metabolic acidosis A nurse who is providing care for a patient with a diagnosis of diabetes insipidus should prioritize the close monitoring of serum levels of which of the following electrolytes? Sodium A man who was recently dx'd w/ Huntington's disease asks the nurse if his adolescent son should be tested for the disease. What response is best for the nurse to provide? Genetic counseling should be obtained prior to undertaking any genetic testing procedure Allostasis is characterized by: interactive physiologic changes in numerous systems. Which reaction should the nurse ID in a client who is responding to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)? Increased HR. Any stressor that is perceived as threatening to homeostasis acts to stimulate the SNS and manifests as a flight or flight response, which includes an increased HR Parasympathetic Nervous System: pupil constriction, bronchial constriction, decreased BP According to Walter B. Cannon, homeostasis is a stable internal environment achieved through a system of: coordinated physiologic processes that oppose change According to Hans Selye, the first stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is: alarm Although stress exposure initiates integrated responses by multiple systems, the functional changes are first manifested by which system? Increased cardiopulmonary rates Atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease is symptomatic with at least 50% occlusion. The primary peripheral symptom, due to ischemia, is: calf pain Although both are characterized by ischemia, Raynaud phenomenon is caused by _________, and thromboangiitis obliterans is caused by: vasospasm; inflammation Because of its location, the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm may first be noticed as: a pulsating mass 00:0201:23 By definition, hypertension is systolic blood pressure of ____ mm Hg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of ____ mm Hg or higher. 140; 90 The patient is immobilized following a hip injury and has begun demonstrating lower leg discoloration with edema, pain, tenderness, and increased warmth in the mid-calf area. He has many of the manifestations of: deep vein thrombosis. A 48-year-old male patient, who normally enjoys good health, has been admitted to the hospital for the treatment of polycythemia vera. The nurse who is providing care for the patient should prioritize assessments aimed at the early identification of which of the following health problems? Thromboembolism Which of the following patients is most susceptible to experiencing the effects of inadequate erythropoiesis? A patient who has developed renal failure as a result of longstanding hypertension A 72-year-old woman with complaints of increasing fatigue has completed a series of fecal occult blood tests that indicate the presence of blood in her stool. Which of the following health problems is likely to accompany this patient's gastrointestinal bleed? Iron-deficiency anemia Hemoglobin solubility results and hemoglobin electrophoresis have resulted in a diagnosis of sickle cell anemia in an African American infant. The parents of the child should be aware that their child is at a significant risk for which of the following health problems? Select all that apply. Acute pain Stroke Respiratory disease The pathologic effects of the thalassemias are primarily due to which of the following pathophysiologic processes? Impaired hemoglobin synthesis A lung biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging have confirmed the presence of a benign lung tumor in a patient. Which of the following characteristics are associated with this patient's neoplasm? The tumor will grow by expansion and is likely encapsulated. Which of the following processes characterizes an epigenetic contribution to oncogenesis? Initiation Genetic screening may be indicated for individuals who have a family history of which of the following neoplasms? Breast cancer A public health nurse has cited a reduction in cancer risk among the many benefits of maintaining a healthy body-mass index. Which of the following facts underlies the relationship between obesity and cancer? Obesity can cause inflammation and hormonal changes that are associated with cancer. A mom is crying as she holds and rocks her child w/ tetanus who is having muscular spasms and crying. After administering diazepam to the child, what action should the nurse implement? Lay the child down and ask the mom to stay near the child in the crib The nurse is caring for a client w/ SIADH. this condition is most often r/t to which predisposing condition? Small cell lung CA Which of the following statements is true of skeletal muscle cells? Skeletal muscle is multinucleated, lacking true cell boundaries. Which of the following body tissues exhibits the highest rate of turnover and renewal? The squamous epithelial cells of the skin A patient with a pathophysiologic condition that affects the desmosomes is most likely to exhibit: Separation at the junctions between epithelial cells. A dominant genetic trait: is expressed in either a homozygous or heterozygous pairing. Which of the following methods of genetic mapping focuses on the measurement of enzyme activity? Gene dosage studies Which of the following facts underlies the application of RNA interference in the treatment of disease? Faulty gene activity that produces unwanted proteins can sometimes be stopped. Although the majority of cellular DNA exists in the cell nucleus, part of the cell DNA is located in the: mitochondria Which of the following is an application of recombinant DNA technology? Production of human insulin Acute cervicitis is an inflammation of the cervix characterized by: mucopurulent drainage Carcinoma of the cervix is often considered to be a sexually transmitted disease associated with_____ viral infection. human papilloma Pelvic inflammatory disease, an inflammation of the female upper reproductive tract, is caused by: STD polymicrobial infection Endometriosis is characterized by painful hemorrhagic lesions in the pelvis and complications that include: pelvic adhesions Leiomyomas are smooth muscle fibroid tumors that usually develop in: the corpus of the uterus Which of the following meals is most likely to exacerbate an individual's celiac disease? Spaghetti with meatballs and garlic bread Following the analysis of a recent barium enema and colonoscopy with biopsy, a patient has been diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Which of the following treatment modalities will be the mainstay of this patient's treatment? Surgery A client is admitted to the ER w/ a tension pneumothorax. Which assessment should the nurse expect to ID? A deviation of the trachea toward the side opposite of the pneumothorax Magnesium is important for the overall function of the body because of its direct role in: DNA replication and transcription. As other mechanisms prepare to respond to a pH imbalance, immediate buffering is a result of increased: bicarbonate/carbonic acid regulation. A patient with a diagnosis of liver cirrhosis secondary to alcohol use has a distended abdomen as a result of fluid accumulation in his peritoneal cavity (ascites). Which of the following pathophysiologic processes contributes to this third spacing? Abnormal increase in transcellular fluid volume A patient has been receiving intravenous normal saline at a rate of 125 mL per hour since her surgery 2 days earlier. As a result of her consequent increase in vascular volume, she has become edematous. Which of the following phenomena accounts for this patient's edema? Increased capillary filtration pressure Magnesium is an important component of which of the following processes that are integral to the maintenance of homeostasis? Select all that apply. Cellular energy metabolism Function of the sodium-potassium pump Nerve conduction After several months of trying to conceive, a couple is undergoing fertility testing. Semen analysis indicates that the man's sperm have decreased motility, a finding that is thought to underlie the couple's inability to become pregnant. Which of the following cellular components may be defective within the man's sperm? Microtubules Which of the following statements is true of glycolysis? Glycolysis occurs in cells without mitochondria. Which of the following membrane transport mechanisms requires the greatest amount of energy? Vesicular transport A male patient with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus is experiencing hyperglycemia because he lacks sufficient insulin to increase the availability of glucose transporters in his cell membranes. Consequently, his cells lack intracellular glucose and it accumulates in his blood. Which of the following processes would best allow glucose to cross his cell membranes? Facilitated diffusion Polycythemia develops in patients with lung disease as a result of: chronic hypoxia. Which of the following dietary guidelines should a nurse provide to a group of older adults to possibly decrease their risks of developing colon cancer? Try to minimize fat and maximize fiber when you're planning your meals. A male patient with a diagnosis of liver cancer has been recently admitted to a palliative care unit following his recent development of bone metastases. Despite his family's encouragement, the patient has experienced precipitous weight loss in recent weeks. Which of the following factors may underlie the patient's loss of fat and muscle mass? The action of cytokines and consequent inflammation A 51-year-old patient has been diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer with lung metastases. Which of the following treatment options is most likely to treat both her primary and distant cancer sites? Chemotherapy A patient's oncologist has presented the possibility of implementing biotherapy in the treatment of the patient's brain tumor. Which of the following mechanisms of action provide the therapeutic effects of biotherapy? Select all that apply. Stimulating the immune response to tumor cells Inhibiting tumor protein synthesis A 5-year-old girl's diagnosis of bone cancer required an aggressive treatment regimen. Which of the following considerations forms the most significant threat to her future health? Unwanted effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy A patient's primary care provider has added 20 mg of Lasix (furosemide) to his medication regimen to treat his primary hypertension. How does this diuretic achieve its therapeutic effect? By decreasing vascular volume by increasing sodium and water excretion A 29-year-old woman who considers herself active and health conscious is surprised to have been diagnosed with preeclampsia-eclampsia in her second trimester. What should her care provider teach her about this change in her health status? We don't really understand why some women get high blood pressure when they're pregnant. Which of the following patients should most likely be assessed for orthostatic hypotension? An elderly patient who has experienced two falls since admission while attempting to ambulate to the bathroom. A patient is receiving homecare for the treatment of a wound on the inside of her lower leg which is 3 cm in diameter with a yellow wound bed and clear exudate. Assessment of the patient's legs reveals edema and a darkened pigmentation over the ankles and shins of both legs. What is this patient's most likely diagnosis? Chronic venous insufficiency A postsurgical patient's complaints of calf pain combined with the emergence of swelling and redness in the area have culminated in a diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis. What treatment options will be of greatest benefit to this patient? Anticoagulation therapy and elevation of the leg A student is participating in an extended fast as part of a charitable fundraising effort. Which of the following is an example of the physiologic reserve that will facilitate the student's adaptation to the stress of this sudden change in diet? The student's adipose tissue contains large and accessible stores of energy. A 70-year-old patient admitted to a hospital for a prostatectomy is surprised to learn that his physician has prescribed insulin on a sliding scale, despite the fact that the patient successfully manages his type 2 diabetes using diet and oral antihyperglycemics when at home. Which of the following facts may underlie the physician's action? Stress and illness can increase glycogenolysis and insulin resistance. A female patient experienced a random assault several months earlier, and her recent vigilance around her own safety is described as "obsessive" by her friends and family. Which of the following aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) characterizes the patient's behavior? Hyperarousal Hypoparathyroidism causes hypocalcemia by: blocking bone release of calcium. A patient with a diagnosis of schizophrenia has been admitted to the emergency department after ingesting more than 2 gallons of water. Which of the following pathophysiologic processes may result from the sudden water gain? Water movement from the extracellular to intracellular compartment Which of the following patients would likely be at highest risk of developing hyperkalemia? A patient who has been admitted for the treatment of acute renal failure following a drug overdose A female patient with a history of chronic renal failure has developed hypocalcemia. Which of the following assessment findings would provide potential confirmation of this diagnosis? The patient has muscle spasms and complains of numbness around her mouth. Which of the following assessments should be prioritized in the care of a patient who is being treated for hypokalemia? Cardiac monitoring Bacteria on a sliver in a boy's finger have initiated an adaptive immune response. The boy's lymphocytes and antibodies recognize immunologically active sites on the bacterial surfaces known as: epitopes Prior to leaving on a backpacking trip to Southeast Asia, a college student has received a tetanus booster shot. This immunization confers protection by way of what immune process? Secondary humoral response A patient's cell-mediated immune response has resulted in the release of regulator T cells. These cells will perform which of the following roles? Suppressing the immune response to limit proliferation of potentially harmful lymphocytes Which of the following signs and symptoms most clearly suggests the need for endoscopy to rule out esophageal cancer? Dysphagia in an individual with no history of neurologic disease A 60-year-old male patient has presented to his primary care provider to follow up with his ongoing treatment for peptic ulcer disease. What is the most likely goal of this patient's pharmacologic treatment? Inhibiting gastric acid production Which of the following individuals most likely faces the greatest risk of developing Clostridium difficile colitis? A 79-year-old hospital patient who is being treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics A 66-year-old woman has been diagnosed with diverticular disease based on her recent complaints and the results of a computed tomography (CT) scan. Which of the patient's following statements demonstrates an accurate understanding of this diagnosis? I suppose I should try to eat more fiber and become a bit more active. An ultrasound has confirmed appendicitis as the cause of a 20-year-old man's sudden abdominal pain. Which of the following etiologic processes is implicated in the development of appendicitis? Obstruction of the intestinal lumen A nurse is conducting a healthy living workshop to a group of younger women. Which of the following screening recommendations should the nurse provide to the participants? Mammography and clinical breast examination every 3 years until age 40 Which of the following processes is a component of the pathogenesis of proliferative breast lesions without atypia? Growth of ductile or lobular epithelial cells Which of the following physiologic changes results in menopause? Cessation of ovarian function and decreased estrogen levels