Bio1103 Disease Immunity Practice Questions and Answers 2022 with complete solution

Bio1103 Disease Immunity Practice Questions and Answers 2022 with complete solution A bacterium contains the following cell structures EXCEPT? -a chromosome -a cell membrane -ribosomes -a nucleus -Ans- A nucleus B ...

Bio1103 Disease Immunity Practice Questions and Answers 2022 with complete solution A bacterium contains the following cell structures EXCEPT? -a chromosome -a cell membrane -ribosomes -a nucleus -Ans- A nucleus Bacteria can exchange DNA in which of the following ways (select all that apply): -Sexual reproduction, or the inheritance of DNA through meiosis and mating -Transformation, or direct uptake of DNA from the environment -Transduction, or transfer of DNA by a virus -Conjugation, or the transfer of DNA from bacterial cell to bacterial cell -Ans- - Transformation, or direct uptake of DNA from the environment -Transduction, or transfer of DNA by a virus -Conjugation, or the transfer of DNA from bacterial cell to bacterial cell The genome of a virus can be made of which of the following(select all that apply): -RNA -DNA -DNA and RNA -Protein -Ans- -RNA -DNA Viruses require which of the following macromolecules as part of their structure (select all that apply): -Lipid -Nucleic acid -Protein -Carbohydrate -Ans- -Nucleic Acid -Protein The host range of a virus is determined by ___. (Select all that apply.) -the proteins on its surface -whether its nucleic acid is DNA or RNA. -the proteins on the surface of the host cell. -the enzymes produced by the virus before it infects the cell. -Ans- -the proteins on its surface -the proteins on the surface of the host cell. Besides using the host cell to replicate its genetic material and protein, an infectious virus must be able to ___.(select all that apply) -attach to and penetrate a host cell.-assemble new capsid proteins. -be released from the host cell. -Ans- -attach to and penetrate a host cell. -be released from the host cell. Why are replication-defective viruses good for producing vaccines? -Infection is restricted to the site of inoculation and the first cells the virus enters, but it cannot infect more cells. -The virus can't enter cells, so they can't cause an infection. -No infection risk because heat has been used to kill the virus. -The genetic information of the surface of the virus has been altered so that it cannot express certain genes. -Ans- Infection is restricted to the site of inoculation and the first cells the virus enters, but it cannot infect more cells. The following structural characteristic allows HIV viruses to infect human cells. -Envelope protein -RNA genome -Capsid proteins -Lipid layer -Ans- -Envelope protein HIV affects activation of cytotoxic T cells by: -Binding with their CD8 protein -Preventing their activation by helper T cells -Attacking B Cells -Preventing antibody production -Ans- -Preventing their activation by helper T cells There is a fungus known to kill bacteria. Scientists think that they may have isolated a compound from the fungus that is responsible for killing the bacteria, which could be a new antibiotic. They expose the bacteria plated on petri-dishes to the following treatments: 1. A spray consisting of the fungal spores suspended in water 2. A spray consisting of the compound suspended in water 3. A spray consisting of only water Which of the three treatments are controls? -1 -1 & 3 -2 & 3 -3 -Ans- 3 If the compound in the question above is effective in killing bacteria, you would expect the following treatments to have the same effect on the bacteria: -1 & 3 -2 & 3 -1 & 2 -1, 2, 3 -Ans- 1 & 2What would the amount of virus over time look like in an individual who is initially infected but able to fight the infection. Assume time is on the X axis and amount of virus is on the Y axis. -A diagonal line up -A flat line across the bottom -A smile -A frown -Ans- A frown You are studying T helper cells from an individual thought to be resistant to HIV infection. If they are resistant because of a mutation in their CD4 protein that prevents HIV from entering the cells, what results would you expect to see when their cells are exposed to the virus? -Virus levels would remain low -Virus levels would remain high -Virus levels would start low then increase -Virus levels would start high then drop -Ans- Virus levels would remain low During the process of infection, HIV envelope protein binds to proteins on the T helper cell surface. One way that individuals can be resistant to HIV infection is through mutations in T helper cell proteins. What do you think would happen if there was a mutation in both the T helper cell proteins AND the HIV envelope protein? -Although it is very unlikely, HIV might be able to infect the cell -HIV would definitely not be able to infect the host cell -HIV would definitely be able to infect the host cell -It is not possible for HIV and the host cells to both experience mutations -Ans- Although it is very unlikely, HIV might be able to infect the host cell To show a relationship between the number of T helper cells infected with HIV as a result of the number of HIV viruses present in the bloodstream, you would make a graph with... -Time on Y axis and number of infected T Cells on X axis -Number of infected T cells on Y axis and number of virus on X axis -Number of viruses on X axis and number of infected T cells on Y axis -Time on Y axis and number of infected T cells on Y axis -Ans- Number of viruses on X axis and number of infected T cells on Y axis Human papilloma virus (HPV) can cause cervical and throat cancer. Scientists are conducting a study of an HPV vaccine to determine whether it protects against cancer and whether it has any side effects. Which groups should they include in their study: -Treatment -Comparison -Control -Treatment and comparison -Treatment and control -Treatment, comparison, and control -Ans- Treatment and controlAssume that about 1 in 100,000 people develop cancer caused by HPV. What would a reasonable sample size be to determine whether the vaccine is effective? -Less than 100,000 -About 100,000 -More than 100,000 -Ans- More than 100,000 What aspects of the design and conduct of the Wakefield study undermine the claim that the MMR triple shot causes autism? (select all that apply) -Wakefield is not a respected scientist -There was no comparison or control group -Autism diagnoses were made by parents and physicians -Sample size was small -All of the children in the sample were administered the MMR triple shot -Ans- -There was no comparison or control group -Autism diagnoses were made by parents and physicians -Sample size was small -All of the children in the sample were administered the MMR triple shot The human immune system contains trillions of specialized cells of several different kinds, all of which help destroy invaders. These cells are called: -Red blood cells -White blood cells -Lymphatic cells -Plasma cells -Ans- white blood cells An example of innate immunity involves: -The production of antibodies by T cells -The production of antibodies by B cells -An immune response triggered by vaccination -Acidic environment of the stomach -Ans- Acidic environment of the stomach The following are part of the adaptive immune response: (select all that apply) -Mucosal membranes -Antibodies -Cytotoxic T cells -Mast cells -Helper T cells -Ans- -Antibodies -Cytotoxic T cells -Helper T cells A pathogen is a type of antigen. -True -False -Ans- True Select the single best statement that correctly defines antigens and pathogens: -Antigens are "non-self" and pathogens cause disease-Pathogens are "non-self" and antigens cause disease -Both antigens and pathogens are "non-self" but only pathogens cause disease -Both antigens and pathogens are "non-self" and both also cause disease -Ans- Both antigens and pathogens are "non-self" but only pathogens cause disease Cytotoxic T cells... -Directly kill viruses -Kill cells infected by viruses -Trigger B cells to divide when they bind an antigen. -Bind to B cells through antibodies -Ans- Kill cells infected by viruses Helper T cells... -Trigger cytotoxic T cells to divide when they bind an antigen -Trigger B cells to divide when they bind an antigen -Divide when they bind an antigen -All of the above -Ans- All of the above Antibodies function by: -Binding to antigens so that they are recognized as foreign -Binding to pathogens so that they are recognized as foreign -Doing damage to antigens -Doing damage to pathogens -Ans- Binding to antigens so that they are recognized as foreign Immediately following a break in the skin, phagocytes engulf bacteria within the wound. This is an example of an _________ immune response which is __________ against a pathogen. -adaptive/specific -innate/specific -innate/nonspecific -adaptive/nonspecific -Ans- innate; non-specific You are exposed to a new strain of the flu virus. Through what order of events does your body mount an immune response? -T helper cells signal to other cells -Antibodies bind to the flu virus, indicating that it is foreign -B cells produce antibodies -Antigen presenting cells engulf the virus and present flu antigens on their surfaces -Macrophages destroy flu virus bound with antibodies -Ans- IN ORDER 1.Antigen presenting cells engulf the virus and present flu antigens on their surfaces 2.T helper cells signal to other cells 3.B cells produce antibodies 4.Antibodies bind to the flu virus, indicating that it is foreign 5.Macrophages destroy flu virus bound with antibodiesWhich of the following are examples of innate immunity:(select all that apply) -Antibodies -Mucous in the lining of your lungs -Cytotoxic T cells -Natural killer cells -Ans- -Mucous in the lining of your lungs -Natural killer cells A rare immune disorder results in an inability for T helper cells to activate cytotoxic T cells. An individual with this disorder would experience which of the following symptoms? -Inability to produce antibodies -Inability to mount an immune response -Reduced ability to destroy cells that have been infected by virus -Reduced ability to destroy free pathogens -Ans- Reduced ability to destroy cells that have been infected by virus This graph depicts who has contact with whom based on the age of the individual. Imagine you are designing a flu vaccination program. Based on these data, who would be most important to vaccinate for flu? -School aged children, because they are most susceptible to flu -School aged children, because they are the most likely to spread flu -People who come into contact with school aged children, because they are the most likely to contract flu -Everyone, because an entire community has to be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity -Ans- School aged children, because they are the most likely to spread flu An immune disorder compromises the function of T helper cells. Individuals with this disorder will be less able to: -Respond to a cat hair allergen -Respond to a bacterial infection -Recruit cytotoxic T cells to destroy damaged cells -All of the above -Ans- All of the above A new chemical is discovered that inhibits the production of IgE antibodies. This chemical could be used to: -Reduce a response to a viral infection -Reduce a response to an organ transplant -Reduce a response to a peanut allergen -All of the above -Ans- Reduce a response to a peanut allergen An allergy is: A. An immune response to a pathogen B. An immune response to an antigen C. An immune response to a harmless antigen D. A, B, and C -Ans- C. An immune response to a harmless antigenWhich of the following happens during an allergic response? (select all that apply) -Antigen presenting cells engulf and present an antigen -T helper cells activate B cells -B cells produce antibodies -Mast cells release histamine -Antibodies bind macrophages -Ans- -Antigen presenting cells engulf and present an antigen -T helper cells activate B cells -B cells produce antibodies -Mast cells release histamine Autoimmunity is when antibodies recogniz