CST Certification Review Questions with Complete Solution. BASIC SCIENCE: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, Graded A

CST Certification Review Questions with Complete Solution. BASIC SCIENCE: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Which of the following structures is located in the alveolar processes? -Answer- Teeth The portion of the stomach surround ...

CST Certification Review Questions with Complete Solution. BASIC SCIENCE: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Which of the following structures is located in the alveolar processes? -Answer- Teeth The portion of the stomach surrounding the lower esophageal sphincter is called the: - Answer- Cardia The islets of Langerhans secrete: -Answer- Insulin The area in the duodenum where the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct empty is called the: -Answer- Ampulla of Vater The primary function of the gallbladder is to: -Answer- Store Bile The plicae ciculares, microvilli, and villi are -Answer- structures that increase surface absorption area in the small intestine The first part of the small intestine is the: -Answer- Duodenum The appendix is attached to the: -Answer- Cecum The double-layered, apron-like structure that hangs from the lower border of the stomach is the: -Answer- Greater Omentum The main function of the large intestine is to: -Answer- Reabsorb Water and Electrolytes A chemical reaction that provides energy by the breakdown of food molecules is called: -Answer- Catabolism Which of the following substances is the body's preferred source of energy? -AnswerCarbohydrates The process by which glucose is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle cells as glycogen: -Answer- Glycogenesis The structure that binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall is the: - Answer- Mesentery The salivary glands located in the front of the ear that become inflamed and enlarged during mumps are the: -Answer- Parotid The catabolism of fats produces which of the following substances? -Answer- Ketone Bodies Vitamins A, D, E, and K are absorbed in the: -Answer- IntestineThe organs that lies posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach and is connected by a duct to the duodenum is the: -Answer- Pancreas When body cells require energy, what molecule is broken down? -Answer- ATP Molecule The outer layer of the intestine is the: -Answer- Serosa Cricoid cartilage is: -Answer- The ring of cartilage forming the inferior walls of the larynx The passageway for foods and liquids into the digestive system and for air into the respiratory system is the: -Answer- Pharynx The larynx is located between the: -Answer- Pharynx and Trachea The vocal cords are located in the: -Answer- Larynx Which structure has three divisions consisting of naso, oro, and laryngeal? -AnswerPharynx The function of the trachea is to: -Answer- Conduct air to and from the lungs The space between the vocal cords is called the: -Answer- Glottis The nasal cavity is divided into two portions by the: -Answer- Septum The structure that drains excess tears to the nasal cavity, causing the nose to run is the: -Answer- Nasolacrimal Duct The cartilaginous nasal septum lies upon which bone? -Answer- Vomer The structure that connects the middle ear and the throat, allowing the eardrum to vibrate freely, is the: -Answer- Eustachian Tube Another name for the tympanic membrane is the: -Answer- Eardrum The winding, cone-shaped tube of the inner ear is the: -Answer- Cochlea The nasal sinus located between the nose and the orbits is the: -Answer- Ethmoid Which ossicle of the middle ear covers the oval window? -Answer- Stapes The large, leaf-shaped laryngeal cartilage that acts as a trap door over the larynx is the: -Answer- EpiglottisWhich part of the ear is responsible for equilibrium? -Answer- Semicircular Canals A term referring to a waxy secretion in the external ear canal is: -Answer- Cerumen Which of the following structures is not an ossicle of the middle ear? -Answer- Vestibule The fluid within the membranous labyrinth is called: -Answer- Endolymph In the physiology of hearing, sound waves collect in the ______ and pass on to hit the ______: -Answer- External Auditory Canal, Tympanic Membrane Striated-voluntary muscle tissue is found in the _______ muscle tissue. -AnswerSkeletal The white, tough layer of the eye that gives it its shape is the: -Answer- Sclera The layer of the eye that is clear, covers the iris, and contains no blood vessels is the: - Answer- Cornea The layer of the eye that absorbs light rays and nourishes the retina through its numerous blood vessels is the: -Answer- Choroid Which muscle alters the shape of the lens of the eye to accommodate near or far vision? -Answer- Ciliary Muscle What structure regulates the amount of light entering the eye and assists in obtaining a clear image? -Answer- Iris Intraocular pressure is primarily dependent on: -Answer- Aqueous Humor At the junction of the sclera and cornea is a venous sinus known as the: -Answer- Canal of Schlemm The smooth intrinsic muscle that alters the shape of the eye lens is the: -Answer- Ciliary Body The ciliary body is part of which layer of the eye? -Answer- Vascular A capillary network of blood vessels within the renal cortex that functions as a filter is called the: -Answer- Glomerulus The triangular area of the bladder that is formed by the two openings of the uterus and the opening of the urethra is known as the: -Answer- Trigone Gerota's fascia is located: -Answer- Around the kidneyThe kidneys are positioned: -Answer- Retroperitoneally The functional unit of the kidney responsible for removing waste and regulating fluid is the: -Answer- Nephron The most abundant extracellular ion necessary for the transmission of impulses is: - Answer- Sodium The prostate gland secretes: -Answer- Alkaline Fluid The first step of urine production in which fluids and dissolved substances are forced through a membrane by pressure is called: -Answer- Glomerular Filtration Sperm are produced by the: -Answer- Seminiferous Tubules The cup-like extensions of the kidney pelvis that collect urine from the pyramids are: - Answer- Calyces The notch on the kidney through which the ureters exit is the: -Answer- Hilum Which of the following is the principal male hormone produced in the testes and responsible for sexual characteristics? -Answer- Testosterone The comma-shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testis is the: - Answer- Epididymis The only artery in the body that carries unoxygenated blood is the: -Answer- Pulmonary Artery The pacemaker of the heart is the: -Answer- SA Node Which arteries are formed by the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta? -Answer- Iliac The process by which blood cells are formed is known as: -Answer- Hemopoiesis Which of the following arises from the left ventricle? -Answer- Aorta The pancreas lies behind the stomach and duodenum in the right and left upper quadrants and is divided into -------- portions. -Answer- Three Which organ is responsible for the synthesis of many of the coagulation factors? - Answer- Liver The atrioventricular (AV) valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle is the: - Answer- BicupsidThe inner layer of an artery is known as the: -Answer- Intima Which of the following vessels arises from the right ventricle? -Answer- Pulmonary Artery Which of the following vessels do not empty into the right atrium? -Answer- Pulmonary Veins The large artery found behind the knee is the: -Answer- Popliteal The large artery that arises from the left side of the aortic arch and decends into the arm is the: -Answer- Subclavian The medial malleolus is part of which bone? -Answer- Tibia The sutures of the skull are examples of: -Answer- Synarthrosis Which characteristic does not belong to a synovial joint? -Answer- Synchondrosis containing hyaline cartilage Which of the following is an example of a saddle joint? -Answer- Thumb and Trapezium Smooth, sustained contractions produced by several very rapid stimuli are called: - Answer- Tetanus The dense white fibrous covering around bone is the: -Answer- Periosteum An example of a short bone is the: -Answer- Wrist A large, bony process found on the femur is a: -Answer- Trochanter The foramen magnum is found in which bone? -Answer- Occipital An example of a flat bone is the: -Answer- Cranial Bones The acrommion is part of which bone? -Answer- Scapula The olecranon is part of which bone? -Answer- Ulna Which of the following is not a carpal? -Answer- Styloid The only bone in the body that does not articulate with another is the: -Answer- Hyoid The shaft of a bone is known as the: -Answer- Diaphysis The extremity or end of a bone is known as the: -Answer- EpiphysisAnother name for spongy bone is: -Answer- Cancellous The vertebrae are examples of what type of bone? -Answer- Irregular The area of a bone where growth occurs until early adulthood is the: -AnswerEpiphyseal Plate What bones form the greater portion of the sides and roof of the cranial cavity? - Answer- Parietal The structure that serves as the socket for the head of the femur is the: -AnswerAcetabulum Where are cruciate ligaments found in the knee? -Answer- Lateral and Medial in the Knee A triangular muscle that abducts the arm and covers the shoulder is the: -AnswerDeltoid The rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and the vastus intermedius are muscles that extend the leg and are known as the: -Answer- Quadriceps The muscle that flexes and supinates the forearm and covers the anterior portion of the upper arm is the: -Answer- Biceps Brachii The muscle that forms the bulk of the upper calf is the: -Answer- Gastrocnemius The mandible articulates with the: -Answer- Temporal Bone The thoracic spine contains how many vertebrae? -Answer- Twelve The inner lining of the uterus is the: -Answer- Endometrium The walls of the vagina are lined with: -Answer- Mucous Membrane All of the following ligaments maintain the position of the uterus except the: -AnswerOvarian Ligament The Area between the vagina and the anus: -Answer- The Perineum Fertilization of the ovum generally occurs in the: -Answer- Fallopian Tubes The hormone responsible for the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics: -Answer- EstrogenThe structure that provides an exchange of nutrients and wastes between the fetus and mother and secretes the hormones necessary to maintain the pregnancy is: -AnswerPlacenta In the ovary, a granular yellow body that develops after the extrusion of an ovum is the: -Answer- Corpus Luteum The finger-like projections on the end of the fallopian tubes are: -Answer- Fimbriae The funnel-shaped open distal end of each fallopian tube is called a/an: -AnswerInfundibulum The portion of the uterus above the level of the uterine tubes is called the: -AnswerFundus The elevated adipose tissue over the symphysis is called the: -Answer- Mons Pubis The ovary is attached to the uterus by the: -Answer- Ovarian Ligament The middle layer of the uterus composed of muscle is the : -Answer- Myometrium The outermost covering of the brain and spinal cord is the: -Answer- Dura Mater The brain contains four fluid-filled spaces called the: -Answer- Ventricles The area of the brain that controls respiration is the: -Answer- Medulla Oblongata All thought takes place in the: -Answer- Cerebral Cortex The basic unit of the nervous system is the: -Answer- Neuron The crainial nerve that contains special fibers for hearing as well as for balance is: - Answer- VIII Vestibulocochlear The peripheral nervous system contains: -Answer- Cranial and Spinal Nerves Muscle tone, coordination of voluntary muscles, and balance are controlled in the: - Answer- Cerebellum The largest part of the brain is the: -Answer- Cerebrum Which cranial nerve emerges from the medulla, passes through the skull, and descends through the neck region into the thorax and abdominal region? -Answer- X Vargus The cranial nerve that carries motor fibers to the tongue and sensory impulses from the tongue to the brain is the: -Answer- HypoglossalWhich cranial nerve can be tested for sensations of pain, touch, and temperature with the use of a safety pin and hot and cold objects? -Answer- V Trigeminal Which crainial nerve carries impulses for sense of smell? -Answer- I Olfactory Neurons that conduct impulses to the cardiac muscles are part of the: -AnswerAutonomic Nervous System The contractions of involuntary muscles are controlled by the: -Answer- Autonomic Nervous System The neuroglia are cells that: -Answer- Support and Protect The cytoplasmic process of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body is a/an: -Answer- Axon The part of the brain that is a continuation of the spinal cord and forms the inferior portion of the brain stem is the: -Answer- Medulla Which area of the brain produces subconscious skeletal muscle movements required for coordination and balance? -Answer- Cerebellum The fifth cranial nerve is also called the -Answer- Trigeminal Nerve Which of the following neuroglia are star shaped and attach neurons to their blood vessels? -Answer- Astrocytes Where is cerebrospinal fluid formed? -Answer- Ventricles The diencephalon is composed of the: -Answer- Thalamus and Hypothalamus The wisp-like roots of the nerves at the end of the spinal cord are called the: -AnswerCauda Equina Neuron axons that are surrounded by a multilayer, white, phospholipid, segmented covering are called: -Answer- Myelinated Neurons Chemicals released by neurons to increase or inhibit impulses are called: -AnswerNeurotransmitters The bridge connecting the spinal cord with the brain is the: -Answer- Pons The inner lining of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract is composed of: -AnswerEpitheliumNinety-six percent of the body's mass is made up of: -Answer- Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen The essential component of hemoglobin is: -Answer- Iron A pH level refers to: -Answer- Acidity vs. Alkalinity Levels The basic living, structural, and functional unit of the body is known as the: -AnswerCell What is the function of phagocytic white blood cells? -Answer- Engulf and destroy bacteria The result of fertilization of gametes is a/an: -Answer- Zygote The roof of the mouth is formed by the: -Answer- Hard and Soft Palates The teeth are composed primarily of: -Answer- Dentin The set of teeth that erupt at about six months of age and are lost are the: -AnswerDeciduous Teeth The main duct of the pancreas is the: -Answer- Duct of Wirsung Which of the following glands are located in the stomach? -Answer- Parietal Cells The portion of the stomach above the level of the lower esophageal sphincter is the: - Answer- Fundus Which of the following substances are absorbed in the stomach? -Answer- Alcohol The function of the small intestine is: -Answer- Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients The small intestine is drained by the: -Answer- Hepatic Portal Vein The pouches of the large intestine are called: -Answer- Haustra The secretion of gastric juice is regulated by the impulses of the: -Answer- X Nerve (Vagus) Testosterone is secreted by the: -Answer- Cells of Leydig Inhibin is produced by the: -Answer- Sertoli's Cells The most abundant ion in the body is -Answer- CalciumThe conducting fibers that run from the AV node down the interventricular septum are referred to as the: -Answer- Bundle of His The left coronary artery divides into the: -Answer- Anterior Descending and Circumflex Which of the following structures are found in the ventricles of the heart? -AnswerPapillary Muscles The function of hemoglobin is to: -Answer- Carry Oxygen Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen are all: -Answer- Plasma Proteins The large vein that drains the head is the: -Answer- Jugular Which of the following arteries does not arise directly from the aorta? -AnswerVertebral The vessel that delivers blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver is the: -AnswerHepatic Portal Vein Which of the following is not part of the immune system? -Answer- Thyroid The thymus gland functions in immunity by producing: -Answer- T Cells The structure that is located anterior to the esophagus and extends from the larynx to the fifth thoracic vertebrae is the: -Answer- Trachea The portion of the small intestine that joins the large intestine is the: -Answer- Ileum Another name for the folds of the stomach is: -Answer- Rugae The longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body is the: -Answer- Femur Behind the cornea and in front of the iris lies the: -Answer- Anterior Chamber Aqueous humor is found within the: -Answer- Anterior Cavity The ureters enter the bladder: -Answer- Medially from the Posterior Aspect Which membrane lines the thoracic cavity? -Answer- Pleura The region between the lungs is the: -Answer- Mediastinum Which duct carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum? -AnswerCommon Bile DuctWhich of the following is not part of the stomach? -Answer- Hilum Which ligament stabilizes the duodenojejunal angle? -Answer- Treitz What valve is located between the left upper and lower chambers of the heart? - Answer- Mitral Which of the following structures would not be found in a blood vessel? -Answer- Tunica Vaginalis BASIC SCIENCES: MICROBIOLOGY -Answer- ... Spiral-shaped bacteria are identified as: -Answer- Spirilla Rickettsiae are transmitted by: -Answer- Insect Bites A valuable laboratory test for determininig bacterial identification is a/an: -Answer- Gram Stain Microbes that prefer to live without oxygen are called: -Answer- Anaerobes The relationship in which organisms occupy the same habitat but do not affect each other is known as: -Answer- Neutralism A relationship that benefits one organism at the expense of the other: -AnswerParasitism A disease that occurs quickly and has rapid recovery is known as a/an: -Answer- Acute Disease Vaccination is an example of: -Answer- Artificial Active Immunity Which of the organelles of the cell is responsible for the production of energy as ATP? - Answer- Mitochondria Which process is an active transport mechanism? -Answer- Phagocytosis Which organsim causes gas gangrene? -Answer- Clostridium Perfringens Staphylococcus normally found on the skin is an example of: -Answer- Resident Flora Which of the following microorganisms is rod-shaped? -Answer- Bacillus The simplest form of cell organization is the: -Answer- Bacterium Fine, thread-like appendages that provide bacteria with motion are: -Answer- FlagellaA bacillus found in the intestine is: -Answer- Escherichia Coli The part of the body that has the most abundant and various microbes is the: -AnswerMouth and Throat Which term defines microorganisms that are capable of producing disease under favorable conditions? -Answer- Pathogens Positive assurance of sterility can be accomplished only with the use of: -AnswerBiologic Monitors Which of the following bacteria is gram positive? -Answer- Streptococcus Syphilis is caused by: -Answer- Treponema Pallidium Malaria and amoebic dysentery are caused by: -Answer- Protozoa A bacteria frequently found in soil, water, sewage, debris, and air is: -AnswerClostridium Tetani A vegatative resting state of some bacilli is known as a: -Answer- Spore A passive process in which there is a net or greater movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is called: -AnswerDiffusion DNA is contained within the: -Answer- Nucleus Phagocytosis by the white blood cells is an example of the body's: -Answer- Second Line of Defense Cell "drinking" is called: -Answer- Pinocytosis An organelle that is responsible for the packaging of protein is the: -Answer- Golgi Complex An organelle that contains an enzyme that destroys foreign substances within the cell is the: -Answer- Lysosome The division of a repoductive cell into two cells with 23 chromosomes each is called: - Answer- Meiosis A disease that is commonly found in a community is considered: -Answer- Endemic Which bacteria causes rheumatic fever? -Answer- StreptococcusWhat term describes someone known as a "host" who has an infection but displays no symptoms? -Answer- Carrier An example of autoimmune disease is: -Answer- Lupus Chemical substances that react with the body and cause the formation of antibodies are known as: -Answer- Antigens An acid-fast test is used to identify: -Answer- Tuberculosis A type of relationship in which two organisms live together but only one benefit is: - Answer- Commensalism The smallest living microorganism that must live within another cell is: -Answer- Virus Cell "eating" is called: -Answer- Phagocytosis A solution in which the concentration of water molecules is the same as in blood is said to be: -Answer- Isotonic Which structure is known as the control center of the cell? -Answer- Nucleus Division of the parent cell's cytoplasm and organelles is known as: -Answer- Cytokinesis Inorganic compounds usually lack: -Answer- Carbon The symbol for sodium chloride is: -Answer- NaCl In what environment is Escherichia coli (E. coli) usually found? -Answer- Intestinal Tract Which type of microorganism requires an amount of oxygen that is less than the amount contained in the atomosphere? -Answer- Microaerophilic A constant relationship between unlike species of organisms is what? -AnswerSymbiosis What microorganism is responsible for causing gastric ulcer disease? -AnswerHelicobacter Pylori What microorganism is responsible for causing Creutzfeld-Jakob disease? -AnswerPrion Microorganisms that habitually live in the epidermis deep in the crevices and folds of the skin are: -Answer- Resident MicroorganismsToxins (poisons) that are soluble and diffuse out of intact bacterial cells into the surrounding tissue are: -Answer- Exotoxins BASIC SCIENCES: -Answer- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY The most common brain disorder is: -Answer- cerebrovascular accidents Trigeminal neuralgia arises from the irritation of which cranial nerve? -Answer- V The progressive destruction of the myelin sheaths of the neutrons in the CNS accompanied by proliferation of astrocytes is a condition referred to as: -AnswerMultiple sclerosis The study of tumors is called: -Answer- Onocology A cancerous growth is said to be: -Answer- Malignant An abnormal increase in the number of cells is called: -Answer- Hyperplasia The spread of cancerous cells to other parts of the body is referred to as: -AnswerMetastasis Thrombosed veins within the rectum and anus are referred to as: -Answer- Hemorrhoids Graves' disease is characterized by: -Answer- Hyperthyroidism An inherited CNS disease that involves degeneration of the CNS is: -Answer- Taysachs Memory impairments result from lesions in the: -Answer- Limbic system The abnormal growth of endometrium on the outside of the uterus it termed: -AnswerEndometriosis The benign tumor that damages the mastoid air cells and ossicles of the ear is: - Answer- Cholesteatoma What condition affects the medulla of the adrenal gland and causes the overproduction of adrenaline? -Answer- Pheochromocytoma A type of uterine fibroid that can cause menorrhagia and increased fertility is: -AnswerLeiomyoma BASIC SCIENCES: -Answer- MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY The root word arterio means: -Answer- ArteryNocturnal bed-wetting: -Answer- Enuresis High blood pressure: -Answer- Hypertension Without oxygen: -Answer- Anaerobic Difficult: -Answer- Dys 4 times a day: -Answer- QID Bile: -Answer- Chole Excision of a breast: -Answer- Mastectomy Opening: -Answer- Os Without sepsis: -Answer- Aseptic Removal of both tubes and ovaries: -Answer- Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy Nothing by mouth: -Answer- NPO Mentoplasty means reconstruction of the: -Answer- Chin Removal of a lung: -Answer- Pneumonectomy Viewing: -Answer- -scopy Liver: -Answer- Hepat Fast heart rate: -Answer- Tachycardia Incision: -Answer- -tomy Excision: -Answer- Ectomy Inflammation of the appendix: -Answer- Appendicitis Between: -Answer- InterOvary: -Answer- Oophor Cephalgia -Answer- Headache: Denotes the AIDS virus: -Answer- HIVLeft eye: -Answer- OS BASIC SCIENCES: -Answer- PHARMACOLOGY & ANESTHESIA A steroid used topically to diminish inflammation after eye surgery is: -AnswerMethylprednisolone Acetate (Depo-Medrol) Dilating drops are called: -Answer- Mydriatics An enzyme used before cataract surgery to soften the zonules of the lens is: -AnswerAlpha-chymotrypsin A medicine cup holds 2 ounces. How many milliliters does it hold? (30ml/oz) -Answer- 60 ml What drug may be used to treat an allergy? -Answer- Antihistamine Soda lime is used in mask inhalation anesthesia to: -Answer- Absorb Carbon Dioxide Balanced anesthesia is sometimes referred to as: -Answer- Neuroleptanesthesia Most anesthesia agents are: -Answer- Potentially Lethal During general anesthesia, the patient is: -Answer- Unconscious Occludes the esophagus: -Answer- Cricoid Pressure Neutralizes action of another drug: -Answer- An Antagonist Drug Involuntary muscle contractions: -Answer- Muscular Fasciculation A nonproprietary name for a drug, usually selected by the original developer of the drug is? -Answer- Generic Monitored anesthesia control: -Answer- MAC Which of the following is not an inhalation anesthetic agent? -Answer- Fentanyl Citrate The intravenous barbiturate general anesthetic used for induction most frequently is : - Answer- Thiopental Sodium Cephalothin Sodium (Keflin) is a/an: -Answer- Antibiotic Indirect arterial blood pressure is obtained with a: -Answer- SphygmomanometerWhich drug counteracts metabolic acidosis? -Answer- Sodium Bicarbonate Hypovolemia is low? -Answer- Blood Volume Intubation occurs during which phase of anesthesia? -Answer- Induction An emergency drug used in cardiac surgery that increases myocardial contractility is: - Answer- Calcium Chloride A drug used to reverse hypotension is: -Answer- Levarterenol (Levophed) Meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol) is a/an: -Answer- Analgesic A radiopaque contrast medium used in surgery is: -Answer- Renografin The trade name for epinephrine is: -Answer- Adrenalin Cardiac arrhythmias of ventricular origin can be treated with: -Answer- Lidocaine Used parenterally to expand blood plasma volume: -Answer- Dextran A barbiturate that may be used for sleep the night before surgery is: -AnswerSecobarbital Used for reduction of tissue inflammation and swelling: -Answer- Steroids The most widely used local anesthetic is Lidocaine. AKA? -Answer- Xylocaine A rapid-onset muscle relaxant used for intubation in short cases is: -AnswerSuccinylcholine Chloride (Anectine) What amount is approximately equal to 500ml? -Answer- 1 pint Dark blood in the operative field is a sign of possible: -Answer- Hypoxia You would not inject succinylcholine if you suspected what? -Answer- Malignant Hyperthermia An emergency drug useful in stabilizing ventricular fibraillation is: -Answer- Propranolol Hydrochloride (Inderal) A method of anesthesia in which medication is injected into the subarachnoid space affecting a portion of the spinal cord is called: -Answer- Spinal Block What is a major side effect of thrombolytics? -Answer- Hemmorrhag