AP Euro: Important People Latest Updated 2022/20-23

AP Euro: Important People Latest Updated 2022 Girolamo Savonarola ✔✔(1452-1498) Dominican friar, attacked government of Florence (Lorenzo de' Medici), corruption of Pope Alexander VI, became religious leader of Floren ...

AP Euro: Important People Latest Updated 2022 Girolamo Savonarola ✔✔(1452-1498) Dominican friar, attacked government of Florence (Lorenzo de' Medici), corruption of Pope Alexander VI, became religious leader of Florence, eventually excommunicated and executed by pope, shows that common people did not share worldly outlook of elite Petrarch ✔✔(1304-1374) thought he was living at the start of a new era, new age of intellectual achievement, father of humanism Lorenzo Valla ✔✔(1406-1457) humanist, defended pleasures of senses as the highest good, proved church documents false Giorgio Vasari ✔✔(1511-1574), art historian Donatello ✔✔(1386-1466) statues express an appreciation for the variety of human nature, revived classical figure Leonardo da Vinci ✔✔(1452-1519) contributed to modern concept of artist as an original thinker, saw art from a scientific POV and science from an artistic POV, true "Renaissance man" Castiglione ✔✔wrote The Courtier, sought to fashion the young gentleman into the courtly ideal, trained in physical, spiritual, intellectual and artistic pursuits Laura Cereta ✔✔(1469-1499) humanist, had to choose between marriage or a life of study Niccolo Machiavelli ✔✔(1469-1527), wrote The Prince, showed how a ruler should gain, maintain and increase his power, concludes that humans are inherently selfish, combine qualities of fox andlion, two basic ideas: one permanent social order reflecting God's ideals cannot be established and politics has its own laws and ought to be a science Thomas More ✔✔(1478-1535), wrote Utopia, presents a revolutionary view of society, believed society's flawed institutions were responsible for corruption and war, necessary to reform social institutions that molded the individual Erasmus ✔✔(1466-1536), believed education was the means to reform, and that Christianity is Christ's life, humanist Martin Luther ✔✔(1483-1546), articulated the widespread desire for reform of church and deep yearning for salvation, very conscientious friar, but doubted the value of the monastic life, troubled by sale of indulgences, writes 95 Theses and launches Protestant Reformation John Tetzel ✔✔friar appointed to sell indulgences Ulrich Zwingli ✔✔(1484-1531), introduced Protestant Reformation in Switzerland, convinced that Christian life rested on the Scriptures John Calvin ✔✔(1509-1564) developed Calvinism, believed in predestination-God selects certain people for salvation and condemns the rest, emphasized the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and total weakness of humanity, held Genevans to a high standard of morality, emphasized aggressive, vigorous activism John Knox ✔✔(1505-1572), dominated movement for reform, persuaded Scottish parliament to enact legislation ending papal authority Ignatius Loyola ✔✔(1491-1556) founded the Jesuit order, goal to help souls, spread Christian ideals through educationPrince Henry "the Navigator" ✔✔(1394-1460) established a school for the study of geography, sent expeditions down the coast of Africa Christopher Columbus ✔✔discovered the New World, cruel and ineffective governor of Spain's Caribbean colony, sought a more direct route to the East Indies, laid the foundation for Spanish imperial administration in the Canary Islands Ferdinand Magellan ✔✔(1480-1521), commissioned by Charles V to find a direct route to the spices of Molucca off the southeast coast of Asia, proved the earth was round and much larger than Columbus had estimated Hernando Cortes ✔✔(1485-1547), conquered the Aztec Empire, subjugated northern Mexico Francisco Pizarro ✔✔(1470-1541), conquered the Inca Empire in Peru, established the Spanish viceroyalty in Peru Michel de Montaigne ✔✔(1533-1592), introduced early modern skepticism, developed the essay to express his thoughts and ideas William Shakespeare ✔✔(1564-1616), most famous playwright of all time, original characters, great understanding of human psychology, diverse plots, unexcelled gift for language, appreciated classical culture, individualism and humanism Peter Paul Rubens ✔✔(1577-1640), representative of the baroque painters, colorful style characterized by animated figures, melodramatic contrasts and monumental size, enormously successful Richelieu ✔✔(1585-1642), ruled as regent in place of Louis XIII, set in place the cornerstone of French absolutism, reshuffled royal council to curb the power of the nobility, established intendant system—intendants appointed directly by the monarch, solely responsible to him, enforced royalorders and weakened the power of the nobility, established French Academy to standardize language Jean-Baptiste Colbert ✔✔(1619-1683), appointed minister of finance by Louis XIV, applied system of mercantilism to France, believed France should be self-sufficient, attempted to accomplish this through state support of industries, created a powerful merchant marine to transport French goods, hoped to make Canada part of a vast French empire Moliere ✔✔(1622-1673), French playwright, plays that followed classical models but were based on careful social observation, made bourgeoisie the butt of his ridicule Jean Racine ✔✔(1639-1699), plays that analyzed the power of love, based on Greek and Roman legends, focused on the conflict of good and evil Gaspar de Guzman, Count-Duke of Olivares ✔✔appointed administrator of Spain by Philip IV, devised new sources of revenue Miguel de Cervantes ✔✔(1547-1616), wrote Don Quixote, characterized 17th c. Spain William Laud ✔✔(1573-1645), archbishop of Canterbury, insisted on complete uniformity in church services, attempted to impose a new book of prayer on Scotland in 1637, the Scots revolted John Locke ✔✔(1632-1704), wrote Second Treatise of Civil Government, maintained that people set up civil governments to protect life, liberty and property, a government that oversteps this is a tyranny and must be overthrown, also wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding, put forth the tabula rasa theory, which suggests that all ideas are derived from experience Nicolaus Copernicus ✔✔(1473-1543), felt that Ptolemy's rules for the movement of the planets detracted from the majesty of a perfect universe, preferred the idea that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe, suggested a universe of staggering size, destroyed idea of crystalspheres, attacked by religious leaders, events brought credibility to the Copernican hypothesis (new star, new comet) Tycho Brahe ✔✔(1546-1601), established himself as Europe's leading astronomer, collected a mass of data, believed that all planets revolved around the sun and that system revolved around the earth-moon system Johannes Kepler ✔✔(1571-1630), made sense of Brahe's observations, formulated three laws of planetary motion: 1) orbits of planets are elliptical, 2) planets do not move at a uniform speed in their orbits, 3) the time a planet takes to complete its orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun Galileo Galilei ✔✔(1564-1642), challenged old ideas about motion, elaborated on and consolidated the experimental method, now people could conduct controlled experiments, formulated the law of inertia, which explained that an object continues in motion forever until stopped by an external force, applied experimental method to astronomy Isaac Newton ✔✔(1642-1727), united experimental and theoretical/mathematical sides of science, created a set of mathematical laws to explain motion and mechanics, created the law of universal gravitation Francis Bacon ✔✔(1561-1626), argued that new knowledge had to be pursued through empirical, experimental research, formulated empirical method, claimed it would result in highly practical knowledge Rene Descartes ✔✔(1596-1650), discovered analytic geometry, showed that geometric figures could be expressed as algebraic equations and vice versa, established Cartesian dualism, which reduced everything to physical and spiritual entitiesBernard de Fontenelle ✔✔(1657-1757), sought to make science witty and entertaining to a borad non-scientific audience, helped bring science into conflict with religion, skeptical about absolute truth and the claims of organized religion Pierre Bayle ✔✔(1647-1706), skeptic, French Huguenot who found refuge in the Netherlands, examined religious persecutions and beliefs of the past in his Historical and Critical Dictionary, concluded that nothing can be known beyond all doubt, believed in open minded toleration Montesquieu ✔✔(1689-1755), used wit as a weapon against cruelty and superstition, applied critical method to government in The Spirit of Laws, argued that despotism could be avoided through a separation of powers, believed a strong, independent upper class was very important Voltaire ✔✔(1694-1778), struggled against legal injustice and unequal treatment before the law, shared Montesquieu's enthusiasm for English institutions, mixed glorification of science and reason with an appeal for better institutions and individuals, did not believe in social and economic equality in human affairs, challenged Christianity, believed in a deistic God (the great Clockmaker), hated all forms of religious intolerance Baron Paul d'Holbach ✔✔(1723-1789), argued that human beings were machines completely determined by outside forces, deeply hostile toward religion David Hume ✔✔(1711-1776), argued that the human mind is nothing but a bundle of impressions which originate in sense experiences, reason cannot tell us anything that cannot be verified by sense experiences, undermined the Enlightenment's faith in reason Jean-Jacques Rousseau ✔✔(1712-1778), greatly influenced by Diderot and Voltaire, committed to individual freedom, felt civilization destroyed the individual, believed the general will reflected the common interests of the people, and that it must be interpreted by a small, far-seeing minority, called for greater love and tenderness towards childrenImmanuel Kant ✔✔(1724-1804), greatest German philosopher of the age, believed in freedom of the press Maupeou ✔✔appointed chancellor by Louis XV to crush the judicial opposition, abolished existing parlements Cornelius Vermuyden ✔✔most famous of Dutch drainage engineers, directed drainage projects in Yorkshire and Cambridgeshire, reclaimed 40,000 acres Jethro Tull ✔✔(1674-1741), tried to develop better methods of farming through empirical research, advocated using horses for plowing and sowing seed with drilling equipment Adam Smith ✔✔(1723-1790), established the basis for modern economics, opposed mercantilism, advocated free competition, believed the purpose of the government was for defense, maintenance of civil order and support of key social institutions, claimed market would be regulated by an "invisible hand" Edward Jenner ✔✔(1749-1823), collected data on the prevention of smallpox by cowpox, able to produce a vaccine for smallpox Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes ✔✔wrote What is the Third Estate?, argued that the nobility was a tiny, overprivileged minority and that the 3rd estate comprised the true strength of the French nation Maximilien Robespierre ✔✔(1758-1794), head of the Committee of Public Safety, organized the Reign of Terror, executed by guillotine during Thermidorian Reaction Edmund Burke ✔✔(1729-1797), criticized French Revolution, defended privileges of the monarchy and aristocracy, felt the revolution would only lead to chaos and tyrannyMary Wollstonecraft ✔✔(1759-1797), wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Man and A Vindication of the Rights of Women, firm feminist, demanded education for women, advocated female participation in politics and an expansion of women's rights Joseph Fouche ✔✔left in charge of the police state by Napoleon, organized a spy system to root out subversive people and potential opponents to Napoleon's regime James Watt ✔✔(1736-1819), invented a more efficient steam engine, added a separate condenser to improve the Newcomen engine, solved the crisis of energy for Britain