PSYCH 101 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A

Document Content and Description Below

PSYCH 101 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A object permanence ✔✔the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived What is the difference between heredity and heritabili... ty ✔✔heritability is the proportion of variation in individuals of a group that we can attribute to genes, heredity is the genetic transfer of characteristics from parents to children What is the human genome? ✔✔the shared genetic profile of human DNA, complete instructions for making an individual, all the genetic material in the organisms chromosomes(DNA) What kinds of characteristics are least and most influenced by our genetics? ✔✔appearance is heritable, temperament, personality, intelligence, substance abuse disorders, least influenced are those where environment comes into play What kinds of characteristics are least and most influenced by our environment? ✔✔least is personality, most can be determined by stress/diet/pollutants/chemicals/drugs/exercise/emotions How can twin and adoption studies help us understand the relative influence of genetics and the environment? ✔✔can manipulate how hereditary(with differentiating environments)can influence twins and vice versa. findings show that shared genes contribute to same mental disorders, identical look more alike(duh), personalities most similar amongst identical twins, What is the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes? ✔✔dna is a complex molecule containing genetic info that makes upthe chromosomes, genes are biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes/segments of dna that synthesize proteins, chromosomes are threadlike structures made of dna molecules that contain the genesWhere can you find a person's chromosomes? ✔✔nucleus of every human cell Distinguish behavioral genetics from epigenetics from molecular genetics ✔✔behavioral genetics is the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior, epigenetics is the study of how environments can trigger or block genetic expression.(environmental influences on gene expression that occurs with a dna change), molecular genetics is study of molecular structure and function of genes, molecular/behavioral is how structure and function of genes interacts with environment to influence behavior What does it mean to say that a gene is "expressed" ? ✔✔gene is expressed when it is active, epigenetic marks can indicate a cell to "turn off" a gene What are the differences between identical and fraternal twins? ✔✔identical are from single fertilized egg that splits(genetically identical), dont always have same number of copies of genes expressed within genome, most share a placenta/ fraternal are from two separated fertilized eggs,share prenatal environment but no different than other siblings What are the differences between monozygotic and dizygotic? ✔✔monozygotic is one zygote, dizygotic is two What is temperament and how is it related to personality? ✔✔temperament is emotional reactivty and excitablity, is genetically influenced, higher emotional reactivity can result in a more agressive and impulsive personality How do biology, culture, and environment interact to influence our characteristics? ✔✔culture works as a shared group of beliefs amongst a group of people and transmits learned behaviors that give groups and edge, environment can trigger/suppress gene activity, biology is our genes and can make us predisposed to certain personality characteristics/physiological characteristicsUnderstand that between group differences can be quite small compared to differences between individuals within the same group ✔✔there can be more differences between individuals in the same group:known as within-group differences How do parents influence us? Peers? ✔✔personality wise-parents dont influence us as much(10 percent range of influence), however, negligent parents/abusive or positive parenting can promote childs mental health or deteroriate it, peers influence us due to the need to belong/peer pressure and conforming/culture likely stems from peer influence What is natural selection and how does it contribute to evolution? ✔✔natural selection is nature selecting traits and appetites that contribute to survival and reproduction. contributes to evolution because men and women will make choices of reproduction based on women wanting to find support in a man to send genes into future, men reproduce more often How does natural selection contribute to evolutionary psychology? ✔✔nature selects behavior that increases genetic success, we choose what helped our ancestors succeed in the past, act in ways that would accelerate reproduction What is a mutation and how might it affect evolution? ✔✔mutations are random errors in gene replication, mutations can affect evolution because if there are errors in gene replication, the species may not evolve or be successful in their environments What differences between men and women do evolutionary psychologists attribute to evolution? ✔✔REPRODUCTIVE difference. women: when it comes to pregnancy and nausea, they were genetically predisposed to avoid bitter/strong foods for survival value(i.e these can harm prenatal development, males more likely to initiate sexual activity(more chances of impregnanting women, dna will survive longer for evolutionary purposes), women are choosier/less sex because they need partners who will protect theirfetus(at stake for nine months)What are the criticisms of evolutionary psychology? ✔✔why predict current patterns based on how our ancestors acted, consider cultural expectations/societal standards(smaller margins in behavior in countries with greater gender equality), some say social learning theory offers a better explanation(social scripts of cultures/i.e modern culture has an immediate influence and impact) Describe the "pruning" and when it occurs. ✔✔this process occurs during puberty, we are exposed to a multitude of sensations creating different neural pathways, but the pruning process causes less traveled pathways to disappear and broadens those that are accentuated(unemployed connections lost during puberty) Understand "Plasticity" and how it relates to new experiences. ✔✔plasticity is the brains ability to change, the brain can build new pathways based on new experiences, aka the brain adapts and forms differently(strongest in childhood, but occurs all throughout life) Describe a "selection" effect. ✔✔kids seek out peers with similar interests and attitudes, sorting one another into like-minded groups, influence of culture=influenced by environment What are norms and how do they shape us? ✔✔an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior, norms describe "proper" behavior, shape us because cultural groups can evolve their own norms, thus influencing us to take on these norms as our own, and culture shock can happen because different regions have different norms Understand the differences between individualistic and collectivist cultures. ✔✔individualismprioritizing ones own goals over the groups, identity defined as ones own attributes as opposed to group identification, collectivist-prioritizing goals of a group, greater loss of identity(group identity, group values) What does it mean to be Transgender? ✔✔an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sexWhat is androgyny? ✔✔displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics What does it mean to be Intersex? ✔✔a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy; possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes How do chromosomes relate to biological sex? What are the chromosome combinations that most frequently correspond to being anatomically female and male? Which parent determines biological sex of the child? ✔✔the twenty-third pair of chromosomes become more apparent in six weeks(these are the sex chromosomes), female chromosomes: two X chromosomes, male chromosomes: one X one Y, the father determines biological sex(1 chromosome out of 46 that is not unisex, either another X-which would make you female, or a y-which would make you male) How do women and men typically differ, and how does culture affect the expression of these differences? ✔✔women: enter puberty about a year earlier/5 year longer life span on average, expresses emotions more freely, detect fainter odors, recieves more offers of help, become sexually rearoused sooner after orgasm. twice risk of developing anxiety/depression 10 times more for eating disorders, men: 4 times more risk for deathly suicide or to develop an alcohol abuse disorder, more likely for autism, adhd, colorblind, antisocial personality disorder as an adult, likely more agressive, cultural norms can influence these differences What is the difference between physical and relational aggression? ✔✔physical agression: physical harm but psychologists view aggression as, relational aggression: an act of aggression (physical or verbal)intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing What is the "male answer syndrome"? ✔✔the phenomenon that men will hazard answers rather than admit that they dont know an answer to a question( adult men convos [Show More]

Last updated: 2 years ago

Preview 1 out of 31 pages