Psychology 101 Final Exam Latest 2022

Psychology 101 Final Exam Latest 2022 Variables ✔✔the events, characteristics, behaviors, or conditions that researchers measure and study. subject or participant ✔✔an individual person or animal a researcher studies. ...

Psychology 101 Final Exam Latest 2022 Variables ✔✔the events, characteristics, behaviors, or conditions that researchers measure and study. subject or participant ✔✔an individual person or animal a researcher studies. Sample ✔✔a collection of subjects researchers study. Researchers use samples because they cannot study the entire population. Population ✔✔the collection of people or animals from which researchers draw a sample. Researchers study the sample and generalize their results to the population. The Purpose of Research ✔✔-To find ways to measure and describe behavior -To understand why, when, and how events occur -To apply this knowledge to solving real-world problems The scientific method ✔✔a standardized way of making observations, gathering data, forming theories, testing predictions, and interpreting results. A theory ✔✔an explanation that organizes separate pieces of information in a coherent way. replicable ✔✔when others can repeat an experiment and get the same results. hypothesis ✔✔a testable prediction of what will happen given a certain set of conditions. naturalistic observation ✔✔researchers collect information about subjects by observing them unobtrusively, without interfering with them in any way.case study ✔✔The researcher collects data about the subject through interviews, direct observation, psychological testing, or examination of documents and records about the subject. survey ✔✔a way of getting information about a specific type of behavior, experience, or event. When using this method, researchers give people questionnaires or interview them to obtain information. experiment ✔✔a researcher manipulates or changes a particular variable under controlled conditions while observing resulting changes in another variable or variables. Occam's razor ✔✔maintains that researchers should apply the simplest explanation possible to any set of observations. correlation ✔✔measurement of the strength of the relationship between two variables reliability ✔✔if a test produces the same result when researchers administer it to the same group of people at different times, it has reliability. Validity ✔✔A test is valid if it actually measures the quality it claims to measure. Bias ✔✔the distortion of results by a variable. Common types of bias include sampling bias, subject bias, and experimenter bias. Sensation ✔✔the process by which physical energy from objects in the world or in the body stimulates the sense organs perception ✔✔The brain interprets and organizes this sensory information in a process called perceptionabsolute threshold ✔✔the minimum amount of stimulation required for a person to detect the stimulus 50 percent of the time. difference threshold ✔✔the smallest difference in stimulation that can be detected 50 percent of the time. sometimes called the just noticeable difference (jnd). Weber's Law ✔✔a principle demonstrating the fact that we can't detect the difference between two stimuli unless they differ by a certain proportion and that this proportion is constant. Sensory Adaptation ✔✔the decrease in sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. Rods ✔✔The long, narrow cells, called rods, are highly sensitive to light and allow vision even in dim conditions Cones ✔✔cone-shaped cells that can distinguish between different wavelengths of light, allowing people to see in color. Remember (C)ones, (C)olor. papillae ✔✔receptors that are inside taste buds, which in turn are inside little bumps on the skin called Papillae. Used to taste Kinesthesis ✔✔the sense of the position and movement of body parts. Gate-control theory ✔✔states that pain signals traveling from the body to the brain must go through a gate in the spinal cord. If the gate is closed, pain signals can't reach the brain. The gate isn't a physical structure like a fence gate, but rather a pattern of neural activity that either stops pain signals or allows them to pass. Signals from the brain can open or shut the gate. For example, focusing on pain tends to increase it, whereas ignoring the pain tends to decrease it. nervous system ✔✔a complex, highly coordinated network of tissues that communicate via electro chemical signalscerebrospinal fluid ✔✔cushions and nourishes the brain blood-brain barrier ✔✔protects the cerebrospinal fluid by blocking many drugs and toxins. spinal cord ✔✔connects the brain to the rest of the body