BIOS 1107 Module 1: Evolution IKE & TICA, Questions with accurate answers, Graded A. 2023

BIOS 1107 Module 1: Evolution IKE & TICA, Questions with accurate answers, Graded A. 2023 True or false: according to Platt (1964), the purpose of designing and performing an experiment is to prove a hypothesis. - ✔ ...

BIOS 1107 Module 1: Evolution IKE & TICA, Questions with accurate answers, Graded A. 2023 True or false: according to Platt (1964), the purpose of designing and performing an experiment is to prove a hypothesis. - ✔✔false What group in this experiment best fits the purpose of a negative control - ✔✔students who studied once for 5 min What is/are the independent variable(s) in this figure? - ✔✔method of study What hypotheses should we reject based upon the results of Karpicke and Blunt's study? (What hypotheses does this study provide evidence against?) - ✔✔Repeated study is the most effective study method for long-term learning, concept mapping is a better study method for inference test questions, students can reliably gauge their own learning Which of the following is/are a general requirement or characteristic for life on earth - ✔✔requires energy source, has genetic information, and individuals change over time what are the three domains of life - ✔✔bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes which of these factors is/are required for biological evolution to occur - ✔✔genetic variation in the population what did Darwin propose in his theory of evolution - ✔✔species evolve by natural selection and currentlyexistingspeciesshareacommonancestor How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis - ✔✔a theory is an overall explanation for a major phenomenon or observation and includes hypotheses; hypotheses treat more specific observations Which of the following is true of evolution? - ✔✔Only populations can evolve; individual organisms cannot evolve; Natural selection does not always result in an ideal fit between an organism and its environment Which of the following is not alive? - ✔✔a molecule of DNA, a virus, and a robot which can build nearly identical replicates of itself Some insects are now resistant to all commonly used pesticides. Which is the better explanation for this observation? - ✔✔some insects carried alleles for resistance to the pesticide before contact with the pesticides and their numbers increased after pesticides became common what will happen to a population of snakes if the small mice they normally eat are no longer available and all that is left are larger rats that are more difficult to swallow - ✔✔The individual snakes that already have slightly wider jaws that allow them to eat rats would be more likely to survive and reproduce. Mammals in Australia are called marsupials, and diverged from the placental mammals very early in mammalian evolution. Australian sugar gliders and North American flying squirrels (see picture) have membranes of skin between their forelimbs and hindlimbs that allow them to glide between tree branches. Are their membranes homologous or analogous? - ✔✔analogous What vertebrate fossils would be found in the period 370-380 million years ago? - ✔✔transitional species, lobe-finned fish, other fish How does natural selection explain how bacterial populations evolve resistance to antibiotics - ✔✔rare, resistant mutant bacteria in the population survive antibiotic treatment what conditions lead to evolution by natural selection - ✔✔competition for limiting resources and heritable variation in population which of the following statements is/are accurate - ✔✔natural selection works on variation already present in a population which statement describes the canary with the greatest biological fitness - ✔✔canary that lives to be 2 years old and has four offspring, all of which survive to reproduce themselves selection that results in a shift in the population toward one extreme phenotype is best described as - ✔✔directional selection that results in elimination of extreme phenotypes and enrichment for the average phenotype in the population is best described as - ✔✔stabilizing in the case of rock pocket mice, what is the selective agent - ✔✔owls what type of selection would you expect at site A - ✔✔directional at site A, why does the dark fur trait persist and increase in frequency over time - ✔✔individuals with dark fur are more likely to have surviving offspring what color variant would have the highest fitness at site B - ✔✔either dark or light, but not intermediate which of these is the smallest unit that natural selection can change - ✔✔a population's allele frequency which of these is the smallest unit upon which natural selection directly acts on - ✔✔an individual's phenotype biological fitness is based on - ✔✔How many surviving offspring an individual has, relative to others in the population Individuals who have one normal and one sickle cell allele have increased resistance to the malarial parasite, which infects red blood cells. The sickle cell allele is extremely common in parts of the world where malaria is also common, but extremely uncommon in parts of the world where there is little or no malaria. Which of the following best explains this observation? - ✔✔Balancing selection because neither allele alone has a fitness advantage over the other Song thrushes, like many birds, hunt by sight. They commonly prey on a species of snail that has many different shell colors. Shell color is genetically controlled. The song thrushes tend to hunt whichever color snail is most common, because it is easiest for the birds to quickly identify this color since it is most common. With high levels of predation on the most common shell color, there are fewer of these snails to reproduce and thus most commonly-hunted color becomes less common. This is an example of - ✔✔Balancing selection, because no single color allele has a consistent fitness advantage over any other Which of the following is true of the song thrushes in this case? - ✔✔The individual song thrushes have adjusted their behavior to hunt the new most-common colored snails; this change does not demonstrate evolution According to Platt, the author of "Strong Inference," scientists should design experiments in order to - ✔✔disprove as many hypotheses as possible what is the dependent variable in this experiment - ✔✔the percent correct answers If the hypothesis being tested is that peer discussion helps students learn, which of the following would be the best negative control? - ✔✔a group of students given Q2 after Q1, without any peer discussion. What hypothesis can we reject based on the results of Smith et al.? - ✔✔students cannot learn from each other Which of the following is/are NOT a general requirement or characteristic for cellular life on Earth? - ✔✔contains a nucleus What did Darwin propose in his theory of evolution? - ✔✔Currently existing species all descended from a common ancestor and Natural selection explains the evolution and adaptation of species which of these factors are required for biological evolution by natural selection to occur - ✔✔genetic variation in the population and competition among individuals in the population for limited resources which of these has these individuals has the greatest relative fitness in evolutionary terms - ✔✔A female squirrel that lived 4 years. She had 3 progeny each in years 3 and 4. All survived to reproduce. Myxoma virus infects only rabbits. It spreads by direct contact with infected rabbits, or via fleas or mosquitos that have bitten infected rabbits. Which of these myxoma virus strains have greater evolutionary fitness? - ✔✔a strain that reproduces slowly, producing fewer progeny over a longer time period, and does not kill the host. Suppose that we have a scrub desert with light colored sand, and numerous patches of dark-colored rocks. Mice with two copies of a dark fur color allele are dark-colored and blend well with dark-colored rocks. Mice with two copies of a light color allele are light-colored and blend well with the sand. Mice with one copy of each (heterozygotes) are a brown color that does not blend well with either the sand or the dark-colored rocks. As a result, the brown mice are more susceptible to predators. Which type of selection is most likely to operate in this situation? - ✔✔disruptive selection A large portion of the corn crop has been genetically engineered to produce a protein that toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn (the protein has no effect on mammals). Which of the following conditions would be necessary for the corn borer to evolve resistance to the toxic protein? - ✔✔the corn borer must have heritable variation in resistance to the toxin Ground finches on an island in the Galapagos suffered a population loss during the 1977 drought. Before the drought, finches had an average beak depth of 9.4 mm and ate seeds of various sizes. The drought reduced the number of small seeds on the island, leaving only larger seeds. After the drought few birds survived, and their average beak depth was 10.2 mm (see figure). The average beak size increased during this drought because - ✔✔larger-beaked birds were already in the population, and they survived better during the drought. Ground finches on an island in the Galapagos suffered a population loss during the 1977 drought. Before the drought, finches had an average beak depth of 9.4 mm and ate seeds of various sizes. The drought reduced the number of small seeds on the island, leaving only larger seeds. After the drought few birds survived, and their average beak depth was 10.2 mm (see figure). The average beak size increased during this drought, indicating that _________ selection had occurred. - ✔✔directional