1. The following are risk factors for hypertension in children and teens (choose all that apply): being obese. being exposed to second-hand smoke. 2. In evaluating a 9-year-old child with a healthy B MI during a well vis
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1. The following are risk factors for hypertension in children and teens (choose all that apply): being obese. being exposed to second-hand smoke. 2. In evaluating a 9-year-old child with a healthy B MI during a well visit, a comprehensive cardiovascular evaluation should be conducted by the following methods (choose all that apply): Obtain fasting lipid profile. / Assess diet and physical activity. 3. At what age is it appropriate to recommend dietary changes to parents if overweight or obesity is a concern? 12 months old 4. The following are risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and teens (choose all that apply): hyperinsulinemia: abnormal weight-to-height ratio.: Native American ancestry. 5. Screening children with a known risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus is recommended at age 10 or at onset of puberty, and should be repeated how often? every year. 6. Prediabetes in children is defined as (choose all that apply): impaired fasting glucose (glucose level ≥100 mg/dL or 6.2 mmol/L) but ≤125 mg/dL or 7 mmol/L). impaired glucose tolerance (2-hour postprandial ≥140-199 mg/dL or 7.8 mmol/L-11 mmol/L). 7. Risk factors for dyslipidemia in children include (choose all that apply): family history of lipid abnormalities. family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. 8. Screening cholesterol levels in children with one or more risk factors begins at what age? . 2 years 8. An acceptable level of total cholesterol (mg/dL) in children and teens is: <170 mg/dL or 9.4 mmol/L. 9. low birth weight, and poor infant growth are risk factors for type 2 diabetes True 10. Prediabetes in children is defined as impaired fasting glucose (glucose level ≥100 mg/dL or 5.6 mmol/L but ≤125 mg/dL or 7 mmol/L) or impaired glucose tolerance (2-hour postprandial ≥140-199 mg/dL or 7.8 mmol/L-11 mmol/L) or an A1C of 5.7% to 6.4%. True 11. Screening for type 2 diabetes begins at age _10 or at onset of puberty and continues every 2 years until adulthood; at that point, the adult guidelines should be followed. 12. The AAP screening guidelines for total cholesterol levels in children and adolescents aged 2 to 19 years old are as follows: Acceptable level is < 170 mg/dL (<9.4 mmol/L), borderline is 170-199 mg/dL (9.4 mmol/L-11 mmol/L), and high is >200 mg/dL (≥11.1 mmol/L) 13. Children should be screened for family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) beginning at age _3 and should be periodically updated annually or as required by risk factors during non-urgent health visits. 14. For at-risk children, fasting lipid levels should be tested after 2 years of age (but no later than 10 years of age) and should be retested in 3-5 years if the values fall within the reference range. 15. Body mass index (BMI) should be measured beginning at age 2 . 16. For children between 12 months and 2 years of age for whom overweight or obesity is a concern, the use of REDUCED fat milk would be appropriate. 2 17. Beginning at age _5 if BMI is ≥ 85th percentile, intensify dietary and activity changes to the parent. 18. Infection with Corynebacterium diphtheriae usually causes: Pseudomembranous pharyngitis 19. The tetanus infection is caused by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI , an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore- forming rod. This organism is found in soil and is particularly potent in manure. 20. Sources of lead that can contribute to plumbism include select traditional remedies such as azarcon and greta. True 21. Patients with plumbism present with which kind of anemia? Microcytic, hypochromic 22. Intervention for a child with a lead level of 5 to 44 mcg/dL usually includes all of the following except: Chelation therapy 23. Ingested lead inactivates heme synthesis by inhibiting the insertion of iron into the protoporphyrin ring. This leads to the development of what kind of anemia? microcytic, hypochromic 24. Basophilic stippling is often noted on red blood cell morphology in lead poisoning. 25. Lead is significantly toxic to the solid organs, bones, and nervous system 26. Long-term complications of LEAD poisoning include behavior or attention problems, poor academic performance, hearing problems, kidney damage, reduced IQ, and slowed body growth. 27. Unless deleading procedures have been performed, however, most homes built before 1957 contain lead-based paint. 28. A diet low in calcium, iron, zinc, magnesium, and copper and high in fat, which is a typical diet for children living in poverty , enhances oral lead absorption 29. In older homes, the point of greatest risk is the __window because their sills and the putty have high lead concentration. Because toddlers (age 2 to 3) are the ideal height to reach them and are often drawn to open ones, they are at greatest risk and summer is the riskiest season. window 30. Symptoms of elevated LEAD levels include abdominal pain and cramping, aggressive behavior, anemia, constipation, difficulty sleeping, headaches, irritability, loss of previous developmental skills in young children, low appetite and energy, and reduced sensations. Very high levels can result in vomiting, staggering walk, muscle weakness, seizures, or coma. 31. A measure of 5 mcg/dL is now used to identify children with elevated blood lead levels. 32. Most children with lead levels of 5-44 mcg/dL are treated with removal from the source, improved nutrition, and IRON therapy. 33. Those with lead levels of 45-50 mcg/dL are treated with a CHELATION agent such as succimer, in addition to the previously listed interventions. 34. For children with lead levels of greater than 51 mcg/dL, hospital admission with expert evaluation is likely the most prudent course to avoid serious problems (including ENCEPHALOPATHY ) associated with markedly elevated lead levels 35. Which of the following represents the best choice of clinical agents for a child who has had a history of penicillin allergy who requires antimicrobial therapy?
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