NSG2021-Pathophysiology Final Study Guide-comprehensive 2022-2023
Patho Section 1
Cell & Tissue Function/Dysfunction Atrophy: decrease in size of cells. Hypertrophy: increase in cell size.
Hyperplasia: increase in
...
NSG2021-Pathophysiology Final Study Guide-comprehensive 2022-2023
Patho Section 1
Cell & Tissue Function/Dysfunction Atrophy: decrease in size of cells. Hypertrophy: increase in cell size.
Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells.
Metaplasia: mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type. Dysplasia: cells vary in size & shape within a tissue.
Anaplasia: undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear & cell structure. Neoplasm: tumor.
Cell Damage
Ischemia: oxygen deficit due to respiratory or circulatory problems. Hypoxia: reduced oxygen in tissue.
Oxygen Deficit: decreased energy production, loss of Na pump ↑ intracellular Na. Temperature: inactivation of some enzymes, damages organelles, protein coagulation,
disruption of cell membrane.
Micro-organisms
Abnormal Metabolites: caused by genetic disorders or altered metabolism. Nutritional Deficits
Cell Death
Apoptosis:programmed cell death controlled by genetics. Necrosis:lysis of a cell, cell components leak into blood.
Liquification:dead cells liquefy due to release of enzymes. Coagulation:cell proteins are altered or denatured causing coagulation.
Caseous:form of coagulation necrosis, thick, yellowish, cheesy.
Fat: fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids.
Tissue Damage from Chemicals Exogenous: from environment. Endogenous: from inside the body,
Tissue Damage from Physical Agents
Hypothermia: vasoconstriction, ↑ blood viscosity, hypovolemic shock ↓ blood pressure.
Hyperthermia: causes general vasodilatation, decrease in circulating blood volume.
Radiation: primarily affects actively dividing cells Biological Agents
Insects/Animals: direct injection of toxin, transmission of infectious agent, allergic reaction to insect pro
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