C857 - WGU Software Quality Assurance Solved With Complete Solutions.

Statement Coverage measures whether each executable statement is encountered. Decision Coverage measures whether Boolean expressions tested in control structures (such as if-statements or while-statements) are e ...

Statement Coverage measures whether each executable statement is encountered. Decision Coverage measures whether Boolean expressions tested in control structures (such as if-statements or while-statements) are evaluated to both true and false Condition Coverage measures the true or false outcome of each Boolean subexpression Multiple Condition Coverage measures whether every possible combination of Boolean subexpression occurs Path Coverage measures whether each of the possible paths in each function has been followed Equivalence Class Partitioning Defines condition or error classes to help reduce the number of finite tests. Divide a set of test conditions into groups or sets that can be considered the same Boundary Value Analysis Tests each edge condition of an equivalence class; also considers output equivalence classes as well as input classes Cause-Effect Graphing 1. ) select, in a systematic way, a high-yield set of test cases. 2. ) point out incompleteness and ambiguities in the specification. error-guessing an intuitive and ad hoc process to enumerate a list of possible errors or error-prone situations and then write test cases based on the list. Equivalence Class The subset of all possible inputs Function Testing process of attempting to find discrepancies between the program and the external specification. An external specification a precise description of the program's behavior from the end-user point of view. function testing is A.) While Box B.) Black Box Black Box ( you rely on the earlier module-testing process to achieve the desired white-box logic coverage criteria.) How do you perform function test analyze the specification to derive a set of test cases (The equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, cause-effect graphing, and error-guessing methods especially pertinent to function testing) Test Plan: Completion Criteria specify when each testing phase will be judged to be complete Test Plan: Schedules indicate when test cases will be designed, written, and executed. Test Plan: Objectives The objectives of each testing phase must be defined Test Plan:Computer time a plan for the amount of computer time needed for each testing phase. Test Plan: Integration Part of the test plan is a definition of how the program will be pieced together Test Plan: Regression testing performed after making a functional improvement or repair to the program. Purpose is to determine whether the change has regressed other aspects of the program. What is Adding value through testing means raising the QUALITY or RELIABILITY of a program What it means by "Raising the reliability of the program" finding and removing errors What is testing ? the process of executing a program with the intent of finding errors. It involves activities aimed at evaluating the capability of a program or system and determining that it meets its required results. What is a successful test(test case) ? when a test finds errors that can be fixed What is a unsuccessful test(test case) ? a test that found no errors. test case that causes a program to produce the correct result without finding any errors What are the two components of a test case 1.) A description of the input data to the program 2.) A precise description of the correct output of the program for that set of input data Why a programming organization should not test its own programs. because the testing process, if approached with the proper definition, may be viewed as decreasing the probability of meeting the schedule and the cost objectives. What two types of information do you need when designing test cases for a module test 1.) a specification for the module 2.) module's source code. the test-case design procedure for a module test Step 1 : Analyze the module's logic using one or more of the white-box methods Step 2: supplement these test cases by applying black-box methods to the module's specification What is the focus in module testing testing smaller units of the program What are the motivations for unit(module)testing 1. ) a way of managing the combined elements of testing 2.) eases the task of debugging 3.) introduces parallelism into the program testing process by presenting us with the opportunity to test multiple modules simultaneously. What is the purpose of module testing compare the function of a module to some functional or interface specification defining the module What is the objective of module testing the objective here is not to show that the module meets its specification, but that the module contradicts the specification. What are the advantages of top-own incremental test in module testing 1.) Benefit when major flaws occur toward the top of the program. 2.) Once I/O functions are added, representation of cases are easier. 3.) Early skeletal program allows demonstration and boosts morale What are the disadvantages of top-own incremental test in module testing 1. Stub modules must be produced. 2. Stub modules are often more complicated than they first appear to be. 3. Before the I/O functions are added, the representation of test cases in stubs can be difficult. 4. Test conditions may be impossible, or very difficult, to create. 5. Observation of test output is more difficult . 6. Leads to the conclusion that design and testing can be overlapped. 7. Defers the completion of testing certain modules What are the advantages of bottom-up incremental test in module testing 1. Advantageous when major flaws occur toward the bottom of the program. 2. Test conditions are easier to create. 3. Observation of test results is easier. What are the disadvantages of bottom-up incremental test in module testing 1. Driver modules must be produced 2. The program as an entity does not exist until the last module is added What are the advantages of non-incremental module testing 1.) Less machine time is involved 2.) more opportunity for parallel activities What are the advantage of incremental module testing 1.) Less work is required because previously tested modules are used instead of the driver modules (if you start from the top) or stub modules (if you start from the bottom) 2.) Programming errors related to mismatching interfaces or incorrect assumptions among modules will be detected earlier 3.) Debugging should be easier 4.) result in more thorough testing Facility Testing determine whether each facility to mentioned in the objectives was actually implemented. a mental comparison of the objectives with the user documentation is sometimes sufficient Volume Testing subject the program to heavy volumes of data. the purpose: to show that the program cannot handle the volume of data specified in its objectives. What are three Back-end testing Load Test , Performance test, Stress test Stress Testing 1.) subjects the program to heavy loads ( a peak volume of data, or activity, encountered over a short span of time.) What are some common applications of stress testing Web-based applications , mobile device application Security Testing the process of attempting to devise test cases that subvert the program's security checks Performance Testing Determine whether the program meets response and throughput requirements. Therefore , test cases must be designed to show that the program does not satisfy its performance objectives. Storage Testing Ensure the program correctly manages its storage needs, both system and physical. Configuration Testing Check that the program performs adequately on the recommended configurations. Compatibility/Conversion Determine whether new versions of the program are compatible with previous releases Installation Testing Testing the installation procedure is an important part of the system testing process. This is particularly true of an automated installation system that is part of the program package. Reliability Testing Determine whether the program meets reliability specifications such as uptime and MTBF(modest mean time between failures ) Recovery Testing Determine whether the application correctly provides mechanisms to yield data on events requiring technical support. One testing objective is to show that the system fails to meet the service-level agreement for MTTR. Documentation Testing Validate the accuracy of all user documentation. Procedure Testing Determine the accuracy of special procedures required to use or maintain the program. System testing purpose: to compare the system or program to its original objectives focus on translation errors made during the process of designing the external specification What step in the development cycle usually the most error prone Translation of objectives into external specification How to design system test and formulate test cases 1.) design the system test by analyzing the objectives 2.) formulate test cases by analyzing the user documentation Why does the system objective alone can NOT be user to design test-case for system test objectives state what a program should do and how well the program should do it, but they do not state the representation of the program's functions Acceptance Testing comparing the program to its initial requirements and the current needs of its end users Who carries out the acceptance test program's customer or end user Requires the user to make changes in the program, which could lead to masking of errors, and so on Scatter print statements Shows the program state at only one instant of time for error detection and for studying the program dynamics Storage dump Sets breakpoints that causes suspension in the program so that the programmer can examine the current state of the program Automated tools you move from the particulars of a situation to the whole in debugging a program Debugging by Induction the processes of elimination and refinement, to arrive at a conclusion in debugging a program Debugging by Deduction An effective method for locating errors in small programs is to backtrack the incorrect results through the logic of the program until you find the point where the logic went astray Backtracking provide information useful in locating a suspected error test cases for debugging The most effective method of debugging mental analysis of the information associated with the error's symptoms. The most common mistake novice debuggers try to solve a problem by making experimental changes to the program What testing ensures that correcting an error not introduce another error somewhere else in the application. regression testing focuses on judging the exact location of the error, the developer of code, the preventive measures taken to avoid those errors in future, and so on. Error analysis How does error analysis help a company The quality of future products will increase while the capital investment will decrease testing of overall aesthetics, fonts, colors, spelling, content accuracy, default values int presentation layer Content testing testing broken links or graphics in presentation layer Website architecture testing Web browser versions and operating system configuration in presentation layer User environment What area of presentation layer can be tested using White-box testing techniques Website architecture Often , What is the most challenging aspect of testing Internet-based applications browser-compatibility testing What are the characteristics of your application that you should always test in business logic of your Internet application 1.) Performance: (Stress testing is important for this) - Test to see whether the application meets - Documented performance specifications (specified in response times and throughput rates). 2.) Data validity: Test to detect errors in data collected from customers. 3.) Transactional Testing: - Test to uncover errors in transaction processing. - can be considered the system testing of the business layer What is a major challenges associated with testing Data layer of the client-server architecture Duplicating the production environment What areas of Data layer should be tested 1.) Response time: - Quantifying completion times for Structured Query Language (SQL) operations. 2.) Data integrity: Verifying that the data are stored correctly and accurately. 3.) Fault tolerance and recoverability. Maximizing the MTBF and minimizing the MTTR. What is the focus of response time testing in Data Layer of Internet applications Identifying database operations that do not meet performance objectives All you are interested in is the elapsed time for database transactions What testing method techniques are used in response-time testing black-box methods What is the difference in Data validation testing in business layer and Data integrity testing in Data layer Data validation testing tries to find errors in data collection. Data Integrity strives to find errors in how you store data. What is the goal when testing the Database system robustness One goal of database operations, in general, is to maximize MTBF and minimize MTTR. Goa of testing the database system robustness is to try to exceed these numbers. What does the fault-tolerance level of your database system depend on? Maximizing MTBF What is the objective of recoverability testing in Data Layer testing to create a scenario in which you cannot recover that database mobile device a device with a capability to run network-based applications over a cellular or satellite data link mobile applications network-based p