Test Bank for Behavioral Neuroscience, Essentials and Beyond, 1st Edition, 1e by Stéphane Gaskin TEST BANK

Test Bank for Behavioral Neuroscience, Essentials and Beyond, 1st Edition, 1e by Stéphane Gaskin TEST BANK ISBN-13: 9781071807309 Full chapters included CHAPTER 1. Behavioral Neuroscience: Understanding Brain-Beh ...

Test Bank for Behavioral Neuroscience, Essentials and Beyond, 1st Edition, 1e by Stéphane Gaskin TEST BANK ISBN-13: 9781071807309 Full chapters included CHAPTER 1. Behavioral Neuroscience: Understanding Brain-Behavior Relationships • Brain-Behavior Relationships: From Holes in the Head to Brain Imaging Introduction Module 1.1. What Is Behavioral Neuroscience? 1.1.1 The Study of Brain-Behavior Relationships The Importance of Environment and Experience 1.1.2 A Quick Look at the Brain General Structure and Views of the Brain Brain Cells • IT’S A MYTH! Left Brained/Right Brained 1.1.3 Levels of Analysis: Putting Brain-Behavior Relationships in Perspective 1.1.4 A Closer Look at the Molecular Level: Genetics How Genes Are Transmitted From Parent to Offspring Behavioral Genetics Epigenetics Module 1.2. The Evolution of Brain-Behavior Relationships 1.2.1 Natural Selection 1.2.2 Neuroecology: How Natural Selection Accounts for Brain-Behavior Relationships Module 1.3. The Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience 1.3.1 Antiquity The Egyptians The Greeks 1.3.2 The Mind-Body Problem 1.3.3 Localization of Function Localization of Language Motor Representations in the Cortex Module 1.4. Studying Brain-Behavior Relationships Today 1.4.1 Brain-Damaged Patients and Structural Brain Imaging 1.4.2 Lesioning, Stimulating, and Measuring the Brain’s Activity Manipulation Techniques Lesions Brain Stimulation Temporary Inactivation Measurement Techniques Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Positron Emission Tomography Electroencephalography Electrophysiological Measurements 1.4.3 Fields of Study Related to Behavioral Neuroscience Who Is Interested in Findings From Behavioral Neuroscience? • APPLICATIONS: Brain Imaging as a Lie Detector: Not So Fast! CHAPTER 2. Neurons and Glia • The Black Mamba: A Potentially Deadly Encounter Introduction Module 2.1. Putting Neurons Into Context 2.1.1 The Place of Neurons Within the Body 2.1.2 Cell Theory and the Neuron Doctrine 2.1.3 Studying Neurons 2.1.4 The Number of Neurons and Glia in the Brain • IT’S A MYTH! No New Neurons Module 2.2. The Structure of Neurons 2.2.1 The Prototypical Neuron The Structure of Neurons The Soma (or Cell Body) Dendrites The Axon Axon Terminals The Myelin Sheath The Neuronal Membrane The Cytoskeleton Axoplasmic Transport 2.2.2 The Diversity of Neurons Differences in Function Morphological Variations Variations in Dendrite Architecture Variations in Neurotransmitter Type Diversity in Neurons Across Species Module 2.3. The Action Potential 2.3.1 A Little Bit of Chemistry Diffusion and Electrostatic Pressure: Two Forces of Nature in Action The Resting Membrane Potential, Voltage, and Conductivity The Equilibrium Potential 2.3.2 Initiation of Action Potentials 2.3.3 Propagation of Action Potentials Module 2.4. Glia 2.4.1 Putting Glia Into Context 2.4.2 The Functions of Glia Microglia Macroglia • APPLICATIONS: Optogenetics CHAPTER 3. The Synapse, Neurotransmitters, Drugs, and Addiction • A Chemical Attack Introduction Module 3.1. The Synapse 3.1.1 What Is a Synapse? 3.1.2 What Occurs at a Synapse? Presynaptic Events Postsynaptic Events Ionotropic Receptors Metabotropic Receptors Neurotransmitter Removal 3.1.3 Synaptic Integration Postsynaptic Potentials Summation 3.1.4 The Varieties of Synapses Are Synapses Chemical or Electrical? Synapses Within the Reflex Arc The Neuromuscular Junction The Electrical Synapse Module 3.2. Neurotransmitters 3.2.1 What Are Neurotransmitters? 3.2.2 Neurotransmitter Systems: Pathways, Functions, and Receptors Small-Molecule Neurotransmitters • IT’S A MYTH! Dopamine Is the “Pleasure Neurotransmitter” Large-Molecule Neurotransmitters Module 3.3. Drugs and Drug Addiction 3.3.1 What Is a Drug? 3.3.2 Drug Addiction Tolerance and Withdrawal 3.3.3 Neurobiological Models of Drug Addiction Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Incentive-Salience Theory Animal Models of Addiction 3.3.4 Mechanisms of Action of Commonly Abused Drugs Nicotine Alcohol and Other Depressants Alcohol Other Sedative-Hypnotics (Benzodiazepines, Non-Benzodiazepine Sleep Medications, and Barbiturates) Marijuana Opioids Other Stimulants (Cocaine, Amphetamine, and Methamphetamine) • APPLICATIONS: Pharmacological Treatments for Drug Addiction CHAPTER 4. The Nervous System • Carolyn Pioro: From Trapeze Artist to Quadriplegic Introduction Module 4.1. Central Nervous System Development 4.1.1 Gastrulation 4.1.2 Neurulation 4.1.3 Differentiation of the Neural Tube Into the Primary Brain Vesicles • IT’S A MYTH! Vaccines Cause Autism Module 4.2. The Fully Developed Brain 4.2.1 The Structures and Functions of the Forebrain: The Telencephalon The Forebrain (Telencephalon) The Frontal Lobes The Parietal Lobes The Temporal Lobes The Occipital Lobes Subcortical Structures The Basal Ganglia The Hippocampus The Amygdala 4.2.2 The Structures and Functions of the Forebrain: The Diencephalon The Thalamus The Hypothalamus 4.2.3 The Midbrain and the Hindbrain Tectum Tegmentum The Hindbrain 4.2.4 The Spinal Cord 4.2.5 The Protected Brain The Meninges The Cerebrospinal Fluid The Blood-Brain Barrier 4.2.6 Hemispheric Specialization Cerebral Dominance Split-Brain Patients Handedness Module 4.3. The Peripheral Nervous System 4.3.1 The Somatic Nervous System The Reflex Arc 4.3.2 The Autonomic Nervous System The Cranial Nerves • APPLICATIONS: Powered Exoskeletons in the Rehabilitation of Patients With Spinal Cord Injury CHAPTER 5. Neurodevelopment, Neuroplasticity, and Aging • Massive Cortical Reorganization: The Case of Zion Harvey Introduction Module 5.1. Neurodevelopment 5.1.1 Neurogenesis, Cell Proliferation, Migration, Differentiation, and Synaptogenesis Differentiation Axon Guidance The Growth Cone Growth Cone Motility Synaptogenesis • IT’S A MYTH! It’s Okay to Have a Drink While Pregnant Myelination 5.1.2 Adult Neurogenesis Module 5.2. Neuroplasticity 5.2.1 What Is Neuroplasticity? 5.2.2 Structural Remodeling Environmental Enrichment Learning Environmental Stress 5.2.3 Synaptic Plasticity 5.2.4 Cortical Plasticity Functional Plasticity Structural Plasticity Compensatory Enhancement of Senses 5.2.5 When Cortical Plasticity Goes Overboard Module 5.3. The Aging Brain: Adolescence and Old Age 5.3.1 The Adolescent Brain and Behavior 5.3.2 Normal Aging of the Brain Normal Aging of the Brain Explanations for Cognitive Declines Observed During Aging Aging and Neurogenesis 5.3.3 Disease in the Aging Brain What Goes on in the Brain During Alzheimer’s Disease? The Amyloid Hypothesis Problems With the Amyloid Hypothesis The Metabolism Hypothesis • APPLICATIONS: Exercise and Neurogenesis: “Mens Sana in Corpore Sano” CHAPTER 6. Sensation and Perception 1: Vision and Hearing • Color-Coded Confusion Introduction Module 6.1. Vision 6.1.1 The Beginnings of an Image The Electromagnetic Spectrum The Human Eye Accommodation Cellular Organization of the Early Visual System Rods and Cones 6.1.2 Phototransduction 6.1.3 Acuity and Sensitivity 6.1.4 Receptive Fields Lateral Inhibition 6.1.5 Color Vision The Trichromatic Theory Color Deficiencies • IT’S A MYTH! Dogs See the World in Black and White Opponent Process Theory 6.1.6 Visual Processing Beyond the Retina The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus Color Opponent Cells Information Processing in the Visual Cortex The “What” and “Where” of Vision Module 6.2. Hearing 6.2.1 Physical and Perceptual Dimensions of Sound Physical Dimensions of Sound Perceptual Dimensions of Sound 6.2.2 The Ear The Cochlea The Basilar Membrane Hair Cells 6.2.3 Auditory Processing Beyond the Basilar Membrane The “What” and “Where” of Hearing • APPLICATIONS: The Cochlear Implant CHAPTER 7. Sensation and Perception 2: Taste, Smell, and Touch • A Sommelier’s Nightmare Introduction Module 7.1. Taste 7.1.1 What Is Taste and What Is It Made Of? 7.1.2 Gustatory Chemoreceptors Papillae Taste Buds 7.1.3 Taste Receptor Cells and Their Mechanisms Taste Receptor Cells Mechanisms for Sweet, Umami, and Bitter Taste Perceptions Mechanisms for Salty and Sour Taste Perceptions • IT’S A MYTH! The Tongue Map 7.1.4 Taste Perception: Beyond Taste Receptor Cells Module 7.2. Smell 7.2.1 What Is Smell and What Is It Made Of? 7.2.2 Olfactory Receptor Neurons Transduction Mechanism in Olfactory Receptor Neurons 7.2.3 Beyond the Olfactory Bulb Processing of Olfactory Information in the Cortex The Entorhinal Cortex The Orbitofrontal Cortex, the Amygdala, and the Hypothalamus 7.2.4 Pheromones What Are Pheromones? Do Humans Use Pheromones? Module 7.3. Touch 7.3.1 What Is Touch and What Is It Made Of? 7.3.2 Mechanoreceptors Receptor Resolution Two-Point Discrimination Test 7.3.3 Conduction and Mechanoreceptors 7.3.4 Beyond Mechanoreceptors The Somatosensory Cortex The Ascending Tracts Dermatomes 7.3.5 Pain Beyond Nociceptors: The Nociceptive Pathway Gate Control Theory of Pain • APPLICATIONS: Electronic Taste Stimulation CHAPTER 8. Sensorimotor Systems • Ian Waterman’s Sensory Neuropathy Introduction Module 8.1. This Is What Makes You Move 8.1.1 Muscles and Muscle Contraction Flexors, Extensors, Abductors, and Adductors 8.1.2 Innervation of Muscle Cells 8.1.3 How Muscles Contract The Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction Module 8.2. Spinal Control of Movement 8.2.1 Spinal Reflexes The Stretch Reflex Autogenic Inhibition Reflex 8.2.2 Motor Programs Module 8.3. Cortical Control of Movement and Sensorimotor Integration 8.3.1 Proprioception 8.3.2 The Descending Pathways The Direct Pathway The Indirect Pathways The Tectospinal Tract The Vestibulospinal Tract The Rubrospinal Tract The Reticulospinal Tract 8.3.3 Anatomy of Voluntary Movement Prefrontal Cortex Primary Motor Cortex An Ethological Action Map An Ethological Action Map in the Human Primary Cortex Evidence From Electrophysiological Recordings Premotor Cortex and Supplementary Motor Area Mirror Neurons: Linking Perception With Action Mirror Neurons in Humans Parietal Cortex The Basal Ganglia and the Cerebellum The Basal Ganglia The Cerebellum • IT’S A MYTH! Muscle Memory The Basal Ganglia and the Cerebellum: Putting It All Together 8.3.4 Putting It All Together • APPLICATIONS: Brain-Machine Interface CHAPTER 9. Motivation: Theories, Temperature Regulation, Energy Balance, and Sleep • Fatal Familial Insomnia Introduction Module 9.1. Theories of Motivation 9.1.1 What Is Motivation? 9.1.2 Need Reduction Theory 9.1.3 Arousal Theory Arousal Levels and Personality Understanding High Sensation Seeking 9.1.4 Pleasure Seeking and Reward Prediction Error Incentive-Salience Theory Module 9.2. Physiological Mechanisms 9.2.1 Temperature Regulation Thermoregulatory Circuits in the Nervous System 9.2.2 Energy Balance, Hunger, and Eating Energy Homeostasis The Neurochemistry of Hunger and Satiety Hunger or What Makes You Start Eating Satiety or What Makes You Stop Eating Homeostatic Feeding Interacts With Nonhomeostatic Feeding Module 9.3. Regulation of Sleep and Wakefulness 9.3.1 What Is Sleep? Sleep Stages 9.3.2 Homeostatic and Circadian Influences on Sleep and Wakefulness Homeostatic Influences Circadian Influences What Controls Circadian Rhythms? 9.3.3 The Neurochemistry and Physiology of Wakefulness and Sleep The Neurochemistry of Wakefulness and Sleep The Physiology of Wakefulness and Sleep • IT’S A MYTH! Dreams Represent Hidden Motives and Conflicts • APPLICATIONS: Altering Brain-Satiety Signals for Weight Loss CHAPTER 10. Hormones: Social and Reproductive Behavior • Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids: What’s With All the Rage? Introduction Module 10.1. What Are Hormones? 10.1.1 Hormones and Their Discovery A Bit of History 10.1.2 Types of Hormones and the Roles of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary The Pituitary Gland and the Hypothalamus 10.1.3 Steroid and Nonsteroid Hormones Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids 10.1.4 The Actions of Specific Pituitary Hormones Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Module 10.2. Hormones and Behavior 10.2.1 Social Behavior Social Recognition Pair Bonding Parenting 10.2.2 Sexual and Reproductive Behavior The Female Reproductive Cycle and Behavior Male Reproductive Behavior Human Reproductive Behavior • IT’S A MYTH! All Women Get PMS Module 10.3. Organizing Effects of Hormones and Sexual Orientation 10.3.1 The Organizing Effects of Hormones Organizing Effects of Hormones in the Developing Brain 10.3.2 Sexual Orientation Differences in Brain Structures • APPLICATIONS: Hormone Replacement Therapy CHAPTER 11. Emotions • Murder, the Brain, and the Law Introduction Module 11.1. What Are Emotions? 11.1.1 Emotions, Emotional Experience, and Emotional Expression 11.1.2 Theories of Emotions Evolutionary Theory The James-Lange Theory The Cannon-Bard Theory Schachter and Singer’s Two-Factor Theory Emotions Are Induced Partly by Patterns of Bodily Change Discrete and Dimensional Theories of Emotions The Theory of Constructed Emotions Module 11.2. Emotions: Where in the Brain? 11.2.1 Emotional Networks in the Brain The Papez Circuit 11.2.2 Emotions and the Amygdala • IT’S A MYTH! The Amygdala Is Dedicated to Fear 11.2.3 Emotions and the Amygdala in Humans Module 11.3. Emotions and Decision Making: Beyond the Amygdala 11.3.1 The Prefrontal Cortex 11.3.2 The Somatic-Marker Hypothesis The Iowa Gambling Task Module 11.4. Aggression 11.4.1 What Is Aggression? 11.4.2 Aggression in the Brain 11.4.3 Aggression: Testosterone, Cortisol, and Serotonin • APPLICATIONS: Implicit Bias CHAPTER 12. Memory and Memory Systems • A Prodigious Memory: The Case of AJ Introduction Module 12.1. Memory and Memory Systems 12.1.1 What Is Memory? 12.1.2 The Stages of Memory 12.1.3 The Registers of Memory Sensory Memory Working Memory 12.1.4 Working Memory and the Brain Module 12.2. Long-Term Memory 12.2.1 What Is Long-Term Memory? Nondeclarative Memory 12.2.2 The Neuroanatomy of Long-Term Memory Declarative Memory Nondeclarative Memory Module 12.3. Memory Consolidation 12.3.1 What Is Memory Consolidation? Neurobiological Mechanisms of Memory Consolidation Evidence of Memory Consolidation in Animals Cellular and Systems Consolidation 12.3.2 Theories of Memory Consolidation The Standard Model Multiple-Trace Theory More Recent Consolidation Theories Reconsolidation Module 12.4. Navigating Through Space: Spatial Memory 12.4.1 What Is Spatial Memory? The Hippocampus as a Navigational Device 12.4.2 Cells for Space: An Internal GPS Place Cells Head-Direction Cells Grid Cells Border Cells Putting It All Together Spatial Memory and the Hippocampus in Humans • IT’S A MYTH! Cannabis Is Harmless 12.4.3 The Hippocampus and Nonspatial Memory Module 12.5. Learning: The Acquisition of Memories 12.5.1 What Is Learning? 12.5.2 Nonassociative Learning Habituation and Sensitization in the Sea Slug 12.5.3 Associative Learning Classical Conditioning 12.5.4 Synaptic Plasticity: Neurons That Wire Together Fire Together Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) Long-Term Depression (LTD) Effects of LTP and LTD at the Synapse Two Forms of LTP LTD: Why Would the Strength of Synapses Need to Be Weakened? • APPLICATIONS: Reconsolidation in the Treatment of Conditioned Fears CHAPTER 13. Attention and Consciousness • Unresponsive Wakefulness: The Case of Terri Schiavo Introduction Module 13.1. Attention 13.1.1 What Is Attention? Endogenous and Exogenous Attention Spatial, Object, and Feature Attention 13.1.2 Concepts in the Study of Attention The Cocktail Party Effect Early- Versus Late-Selection Models Visual Search Feature Integration Theory 13.1.3 Attention: Where in the Brain? The Dorsal-Frontoparietal System and the Ventral-Frontoparietal System The Thalamus 13.1.4 Disorders of Attention Balint Syndrome Unilateral Neglect Module 13.2. Consciousness 13.2.1 What Is Consciousness? Is the Mind Like a Computer? Why Study Consciousness? 13.2.2 The Problems of Consciousness 13.2.3 The Neural Correlates and Contents of Consciousness Blindsight Binocular Rivalry 13.2.4 A Neurobiological Theory of Consciousness Global Workspace Theory 13.2.5 Disorders of Consciousness Coma Unresponsive Wakefulness • IT’S A MYTH! General Anesthesia: It’s Just Like Going to Sleep 13.2.6 Hidden Consciousness 13.2.7 Free Will • APPLICATIONS: Cellphone Use While Driving: Just Don’t Do It! CHAPTER 14. Psychological Disorders • Recalculate Your Possibilities Introduction Module 14.1. What Is a Psychological Disorder? 14.1.1 Defining Psychological Disorder 14.1.2 The Interacting Factors Behind Psychological Disorders The Study of Gene-Environment Interactions Module 14.2. Anxiety Disorders and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 14.2.1 Anxiety, Fear, and Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Fear Anxiety Disorders 14.2.2 The Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders Anxiety: Beyond the Fear Circuit Neurotransmitters 14.2.3 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 14.2.4 The Neurobiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Neurotransmitters Module 14.3. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 14.3.1 What Is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? 14.3.2 The Neurobiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder OCD Circuit in the Brain OCD and the Anterior Cingulate Cortex Neurotransmitters Module 14.4. Major Depressive Disorder 14.4.1 What Is Major Depressive Disorder? 14.4.2 The Neurobiology of Major Depressive Disorder Orbitofrontal Cortex Ventromedial and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices Hippocampus Amygdala Anterior Cingulate Cortex Neuroinflammation Neurotransmitters in MDD and Antidepressant Medication Beyond the Monoamine Hypothesis Module 14.5. Schizophrenia 14.5.1 What Is Schizophrenia? Positive and Negative Symptoms 14.5.2 The Neurobiology of Schizophrenia Neurotransmitters Hallucinations and Alterations in Brain Connectivity • IT’S A MYTH! Mental Illness = Chemical Imbalance • APPLICATIONS: Neuromodulation and the Treatment of Depression CHAPTER 15. Social Neuroscience • Extreme Altruism Introduction Module 15.1. What Is Social Neuroscience? 15.1.1 Social Neuroscience: The Chicken or the Egg? 15.1.2 The Social-Neuroscientific Perspective Module 15.2. Self-Awareness 15.2.1 What Is Self-Awareness? 15.2.2 Self-Awareness: Where in the Brain? Module 15.3. Theory of Mind and Empathy 15.3.1 What Is Theory of Mind? The Development of Theory of Mind 15.3.2 Theory of Mind: Where in the Brain? Modularity Theories Modularity: Where in the Brain? Simulation Theories Simulation: Where in the Brain? Executive Theory Executive Theory: Where in the Brain? 15.3.3 Empathy Emotional Empathy and the Brain Cognitive Empathy and the Brain • IT’S A MYTH! Autism: Lack of Empathy and the Broken-Mirror Theory Module 15.4. Social Pain 15.4.1 Two Dimensions of Physical Pain 15.4.2 Social Pain: Does It Really Hurt? Social Pain/Physical Pain Overlap Theory (SPOT) Module 15.5. Altruism 15.5.1 What Is Altruism? 15.5.2 Altruism: Where in the Brain? The Joy of Giving Module 15.6. Cooperation and Trust 15.6.1 Game Theory The Prisoner’s Dilemma The Trust Game 15.6.2 Game Theory and the Brain? • APPLICATIONS: Neuroeconomics and Neuromarketing