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Assessment & Reasoning GI System Peggy Scott, 48 years old- Best study Guide(Latest) Present Problem: Peggy Scott is a 48-year old African American woman who came to the emergency department becaus ... e she is having severe abdominal pain radiating to the back that started 24 hours ago but has become progressively worse in the last couple of hours. She is now nauseated and states that she has “puked small amounts of green liquid” five times in the last four hours. She had two loose stools today that were dark brown or black in color. Peggy has struggled with ETOH use/abuse most of her adult life but has been sober the past six months. She begins to cry and tells the nurse that this week was the one-year anniversary of her only son’s death in an automobile accident. She reports that she has been drinking one liter of vodka daily the past week. What data from the present problem are RELEVANT and must be interpreted as clinically significant by the nurse? (Reduction of Risk Potential) RELEVANT Data from Present Problem: Clinical Significance: Severe abdominal pain radiating to the back. Began 24 hours ago and is worsening. Nauseous Puked green liquid 5x. 2 loose stool dark brown/black Crying about sons death - Constant pain in your upper belly that radiates to your back. This is a symptom of pancreatitis. -Nausea from alcohol intake which increases the production of stomach acids and delays the stomach from emptying. Also signs of pancreatitis. -Green/yellow vomit could indicate bile produced by the gallbladder. -Brown stool is normal but black would indicate bleeding in the GI tract iron/ something she ate What is the RELATIONSHIP of your patient’s past medical history (PMH) and current meds? (Which medication treats which condition? Draw lines to connect.) PMH: Home Meds: Pharm. Class: Mechanism of Action (own words): • Depression • Low back pain • Ibuprofen 600 mg PO three times daily PRN • Citalopram 40 mg PO daily NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs SSRI serotonin- reuptake inhibitors IBUPROFEN- reduces pain and inflammation in the body. • Pancreatitis Citalopram- used for depression (no current meds) • ETOH abuse (no current meds) Patient Care Begins: Current VS: P-Q-R-S-T Pain Assessment: T: 100.6 F/38.1 C (oral) Provoking/Palliative: Movement provokes, nothing relieves pain P: 98 (regular) Quality: Sharp R: 20 (regular) Region/Radiation: Epigastric area/LUQ BP: 146/94 Severity: 10/10 O2 sat: 95% room air Timing: Continuous since onset 24 hours ago What vital signs are abnormal? What is the reason (pathophysiology) for these findings? (Reduction of Risk Potential/Health Promotion and Maintenance) Abnormal VS: Clinical Significance: T: 100.6 oral temp -High fever likely caused due to pancreatitis P: 98 -Although this is within normal limits it is borderline to tachycardia likely caused by pain level R: 20 hypovolemia BP: 146/94 -Although this is technically normal it is borderline Tachypnea likely caused by current sitation, pain level -High bp could be a result of pain level and alcohol intake Assessment & Reasoning GI System Peggy Scott, 48 years old- Best study Guide(Latest) Current Assessment: GENERAL SURVEY: Alert, oriented, pleasant, in no acute distress, Is unkept in appearance with soiled clothing, body tense, grimacing NEUROLOGICAL: Alert & oriented to person, place, time, and situation (x4) HEENT: Head normocephalic with symmetry of all facial features. PERRLA, sclera white bilaterally, conjunctival sac pink bilaterally. Lips, tongue, and oral mucosa pink and tacky dry in appearance. RESPIRATORY: Breath sounds clear with equal aeration on inspiration and expiration in all lobes anteriorly, posteriorly, and laterally, nonlabored respiratory effort on room air. CARDIAC: Pink, warm & dry, no edema, heart sounds regular, pulses strong, equal with palpation at radial/pedal/post-tibial landmarks, brisk cap refill. Heart tones audible and regular, S1 and S2, noted over A-P-T-M cardiac landmarks with no abnormal beats or murmurs. No JVD noted at 30-45 degrees. ABDOMEN: Abdomen round, soft, and tender in epigastric area and LUQ to gentle palpation. Nauseated with small light bile green emesis, BS + in all four quadrants GU: Voiding without difficulty, urine dark amber INTEGUMENTARY: Skin warm, dry, intact, normal color for ethnicity. No clubbing of nails, cap refill <3 seconds, Hair soft-distribution normal for age and gender. Skin integrity intact, skin turgor elastic, no tenting present. What assessment findings are abnormal? What is the reason (pathophysiology) for these findings? (Reduction of Risk Potential/Health Promotion & Maintenance) RELEVANT Assessment Data: Clinical Significance: General survey HEENT Abdomen Soiled clothing is seen with depression and or pain for face/intoxicated Dry mouth is a side effect of depression medication. Tenderness due to pancreatitis likely due to inflammation. Radiology Reports: What diagnostic results are RELEVANT and must be interpreted as clinically significant by the nurse? (Reduction of Risk Potential/Physiologic Adaptation) CT: Abdomen Results: Clinical Significance: Gallbladder normal in size and appearance with no stones present in the gallbladder or common bile duct. Pancreas is moderately enlarged. Alcohol is a common cause of pancreatitis. Normal gallbladder size and appearance so this can be ruled out. Lab Results: Complete Blood Count (CBC) WBC HGB PLTs % Neuts Bands Current: 14.8 10.2 98 88 0 RELEVANT Lab(s): Clinical Significance: WBC count is high (5-10) Indicating infection HBG is low (F-12-16) Indicates blood loss- anemia which is found with pancreatitis. PLT 98 (100-400) Indicates thrombocytopenia which is found in pts with alcoholic pancreatitis. %Neuts 88 (40-60) Indicates neutropenia caused by Bands normal Assessment & Reasoning GI System Peggy Scott, 48 years old- Best study Guide(Latest) Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) Na K Gluc. Creat. Current: 139 3.4 195 1.1 RELEVANT Lab(s): Clinical Significance: -Sodium normal (135-145) -K low (3.5-5 normal) -Gluc high (normal 70-110) -Creatinine (normal 0.8-1.2) normal Low K+ due to vomiting and diarrhea Hyperglycemia caused by chronic drinking GI Labs: Amylase Lipase Albumin ALT AST Current: 288 224 2.8 204 166 What lab results are RELEVANT and must be recognized as clinically significant by the nurse? (Reduction of Risk Potential/Physiologic Adaptation) RELEVANT Lab(s): Clinical Significance: -Amylase high 288 (30-125) -Lipase high 224 (10-150) -Albumin low 2.8 (4-6) -ALT high 204 (10-30) AST high 166 (below 50) -Caused due to pancreatitis or even alcohol. (enzyme) -Due to pancreatitis. Lipase and amylase levels are drawn to diagnose pancreatitis. -Low albumin can be seen in inflammation, malnutrition etc. alcohol also impairs albumin levels. - could indicate liver damage due to alcohol abuse. -also indicates liver damage caused by alcohol abuse. High AST can also indicate pancreatitis which the patient has already been diagnosed with. Put it All Together and Think Like a Nurse! 1. Interpreting relevant clinical data, what is the primary problem? What body system(s) will you assess most thoroughly based on the primary/priority concern? What’s the Problem? What’s Causing the Problem? (explain pathophysiology in OWN words) PRIORITY Body System to Assess: pancreatitis All pt symptoms align with pancreatitis which is irritated due to alcohol use. Pt PMH shows diagnosis of pancreatitis and ETOH abuse. Digestive system and Endocrine system. 2. State the rationale and expected outcomes for the medical plan of care. Medical Management: Rationale: Expected Outcome: Establish peripheral IV 0.9% NS 1000 mL IV bolus Hydromorphone 1 mg IV every 2 hours PRN pain Establishing a peripheral IV gives access to peripheral circulation to administer medications, fluids as well as blood labs NS IV is a solution administered to treat dehydration Hydromorphone is a narcotic and is used to treat pain. Ondansetron is administered to treat her nausea and vomiting. Used to administered medications via peripheral intravenous. Within a few hours or less we want the pt nausea to decrease and go away entirely. We will reassess pt and expect pain level to go down within 120 minutes. NPO to decrease vomiting. Ondansetron 4 mg IV every 6 hours PRN pain Nothing by mouth due to nausea. NPO Assessment & Reasoning GI System Peggy Scott, 48 years old- Best study Guide(Latest) 3. Which specific nursing assessments for this body system are most important? Validate successful completion of each nursing assessment on a manikin (if available) identified with peer or faculty initials. PRIORITY Nursing Assessments: Rationale: Validate Student Performance: Digestive system and Endocrine system. Most importantly we need to focus on Ms.Scott’s abdominal and back pain due to her pancreatitis flare up. N/a 4. What is the current nursing priority and plan of care? Nursing PRIORITY: Acute pain PRIORITY Nursing Interventions: Rationale: Expected Outcome: During assessment document pt pain levels, location, when it occurs, etc. PQRST Pain management Determining location, pain intensity, characteristics etc are critical in determining proper treatment and underlying cause but in this case we already know that. Pain level will go down and within 1-2 weeks pancreatitis will heal. Evaluation: Thirty Minutes Later... Current VS: Most Recent: Current PQRST: T: 99.5 T: 100.6 F/38.1 C (oral) Provoking/Palliative: Movement provokes P: 88 P: 98 (regular) Quality: Sharp R: 15 R: 20 (regular) Region/Radiation: Epigastric area/LUQ BP: 130/90 BP: 146/94 Severity: 4/10 O2 sat:95% O2 sat: 95% room air Timing: Continuous since onset 24 hours ago, now decreased Current Assessment: Evaluate the response to nursing and medical interventions. All orders have been implemented. What would be the EXPECTED response in clinical data collected if her pain is decreased and she is no longer nauseated? Assessment & Reasoning GI System Peggy Scott, 48 years old- Best study Guide(Latest) GENERAL APPEARANCE: Alert, oriented, pleasant, in no acute distress, Is unkept in appearance with soiled clothing, body tense, grimacing RESP: Breath sounds clear with equal aeration on inspiration and expiration in all lobes anteriorly, posteriorly, and laterally, nonlabored respiratory effort on room air. CARDIAC: Pink, warm & dry, no edema, heart sounds regular, pulses strong, equal with palpation at radial/pedal/post-tibial landmarks, brisk cap refill. Heart tones audible and regular, S1 and S2, noted over A-P-T-M cardiac landmarks with no abnormal beats or murmurs. No JVD noted at 30-45 degrees. NEURO: Drowsiness as a side effect of pain medication. oriented to person, place, time, and situation (x4) GI: Abdomen round, soft, and tender in epigastric area and LUQ to gentle palpation. GU: Deceased urine output due to morphine. SKIN: Skin warm, dry, intact, normal color for ethnicity. No clubbing of nails, cap refill <3 seconds, Hair soft-distribution normal for age and gender. Skin integrity intact, skin turgor elastic, no tenting present. 1. What data is RELEVANT and must be interpreted as clinically significant by the nurse? (Reduction of Risk Potential/Health Promotion and Maintenance) RELEVANT VS Data: Clinical Significance: TREND: Improve/Worsening/Stable: Temp: 99.5 BP: 130/90 Pt temp has decreased but still monitoring since this is still a low grade fever. Bp still high due to current situational stress, as well as pain level. Improving Improving. RELEVANT Assessment Data: Clinical Significance: TREND: Improve/Worsening/Stable: General survey Abdomen Soiled clothing is seen with depression Tenderness due to pancreatitis likely due to inflammation. With morphine we see an improvement in pain level. improving Assessment & Reasoning GI System Peggy Scott, 48 years old- Best study Guide(Latest) 2. Has the status improved or not as expected to this point? Does your nursing priority or plan of care need to be modified after this evaluation assessment? (Management of Care, Physiological Adaptation) Evaluation of Current Status: Modifications to Current Plan of Care: The the pt has improved. I would not change the nursing priority but I will add that pt needs education of risks of pancreatitis as well as causes. n/a at this time we are monitoring her acute pancreatitis and will further educate pt during discharge 3. What did you learn that you can apply to future patients you care for? Reflect on your current strengths and weaknesses this case study identified. What is your plan to make any weakness a future strength? What Did You Learn? What did you do well in this case study? I learned a lot of what blood work levels can show signs of pancreatitis. I also learned what causes inflammation of the pancreas as well as the function. I felt I did well in the lab values portion. I thought it was fun looking up normal values and what the highs and lows can mean. What could have been done better? What is your plan to make any weakness a future strength? The 30/60 min evaluation. I feel I am being to “close” minded with them. Since I can still unfamiliar in some areas I ask myself “what could have really changed within 30 minutes aside from pain levels after morphine medication. I also hard a very hard time with my care plans/interventions and rationales. I will speak with my instructors to ask for help and what I can do better next time. Assessment & Reasoning GI System Peggy Scott, 48 years old- Best study Guide(Latest) Patient Initials: Subject Cluster Data (for this problem) objective Cluster Data (for this problem) Severe abdominal pain Nauseous Puking small amounts of green lquid. Loose stool Facial tension Elevated bp, RR, P Elevated fever VISIBILY SOILED CLOTHING Nursing Problem (Diagnosis) #1: ineffective coping rt use of alcohol to cope with life events as evidence by drinking 1 L of alcohol each day. Goals (List one short term and one long term goal) STG: use behaviors to decrease stress STG Interventions (List 3, with rationales & citation) 1.collaborate with client to identify strengths such as ability to relate the facts and recognize the source of stressors. – this is strength based nursing. 2. provide information regarding care before care is given. Most important needs is R/T information about the client. And the care provided. 3. provide mental activities within the pt ability- television, radios, crafts rtc this will help pt LTG: use effective coping strategies. LTG Interventions (List 3, with rationales & citation) 1. offer introduction regarding alternative coping strategies- motivational interviewing is a a supportive strategy that helps pt elicit pt perspectice and promotoes coping. 2. encourage use of spiritual resources as desired- researching found that in coping mothers are more likely to use spiritual resources. 3. refer for additional and more intensive therapies as needed. More complex interventions are available to help with coping. Evaluation: (State if goals were met/not met and why; If goal should continue/discontinue or be revised) STG: pt has used behaviors to decrease stress. LTG: pt has been educated and seems ready to begin therapy and try more long term coping mechanisms. 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