(Solution) NURS 6630 week 2 Discussion: Foundational Neuroscience, latest 2021/2022.

Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents, including how partial and inverse agonist functionality may impact the efficacy of psychopharmacologic treatments. The traditional ...

Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents, including how partial and inverse agonist functionality may impact the efficacy of psychopharmacologic treatments. The traditional drug-receptor theory is a concept of how drugs abide, drugreceptor interaction, and agonists' actions and antagonists with affinity and intrinsic efficacy (Berg, & Clarke, 2018). Berg and Clark's study of the theory found that drugs can act as antagonists or agonists. In contrast, agonists drugs have intrinsic efficacy and affinity, and antagonists have only relationship and no inherent effectiveness. The authors noted that the antagonists decrease the probability of agonist drug occupancy by occupying the receptor cells. Still, the increased agonist concentration leads to the agonist increasing receptor occupancy, thus blocking antagonists' effects. A full agonist generates the maximal response a system is capable whereas a partial agonist produces a submaximal reaction; However, a partial agonist's intrinsic efficacy is less than that of a full agonist; full agonists can also differ in inherent efficacy. Lastly, the spare receptors or receptor reserve is the ability of an agonist can produce a maximum response without occupancy of the entire receptor population due to saturation of post-receptor signaling mechanisms, Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion gated channels. Ion gated receptors have a key role in the nervous system for signaling, allowing rapid and conversion of chemical neurotransmitter messages to electrical current with ionotropic receptors regulated by protein-protein interactions with other ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors and intracellular proteins (Li et al., 2014). Li et al. found that the G Protein interactions with ion channel receptors can increase the capacity of neuronal signaling cascades and represent This study source was downloaded by 100000860583932 from CourseHero.com on 01-26-2023 10:37:01 GMT -06:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/78798673/WEEK-2-DISCUSSION-class-6630docx/ a unique target for therapeutic intervention in neuropsychiatric disorder. The authors proposed that neurotransmission and Ligand-gated ion channels play a central role in intercellular communication in the nervous system and Ligand-gated ion channels are oligomeric protein assemblies that convert a chemical signal into an ion flux through the post-synaptic membrane and are involved in basic brain functions such as attention, learning, and memory. Furthermore, Ion gated channels include GABA, acetylcholine, glutamate, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), AMPA, NMDA, nicotine, and glycine, and many proteins are known to bind to the different subunits of ligand-gated ion channel receptors at specific subcellular localization, and these interacting proteins can both modulate ion channel function and influence the localization of the channel in the cell and in the membrane. Li et al. observed that ion channel function is modulated by interactions with G couple proteins and influence on the dynamics of receptor trafficking and targeting to designated subcellular areas, as well as the assembly, stability, and turnover of the receptor on the membrane and in intracellular signaling pathways with interactions permitting functioning to both external stimuli and intracellular states which allows for complex signal processing by neurons and new targets for pharmacological manipulation of neuron function. Explain how the role of epigenetics may contribute to pharmacologic action. Epigenetics focuses on alterations and modification of genes, including methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitylation of DNA and histone proteins (nucleosomes), and chromatin remodeling