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Enlightenment terms questions and answers already passed Thomas Hobbes ✔✔Philosopher who argued that man was sinful and needed to be controlled; Leviathan Nicholaus Copernicus ✔✔Polish ast... ronomer from 1473-1543 who developed the theory that the Earth revolved around the sun Johannes Kepler ✔✔A German astronomer from 1571-1630 who formulated three laws of how the planets revolve around the sun; Brahe's assistant Galileo ✔✔Italian astronomer from 1564-1642 who was the first to use a telescope as well as prove that objects with different masses fall at the same velocity Rene Descartes ✔✔French philosopher from 1596-1650 who discovered the use of coordinates and developed a dualistic theory of mind and matter Francis Bacon ✔✔English philosopher from 1561-1626 who stressed inductive reasoning and observation in his essays Scientific Method ✔✔The process used to answer a question by proposing a hypothesis, conducting an experiment, and concluding results Isaac Newton ✔✔English scientist who provided the Three Laws of Motion that inform about gravity, and also developed calculus; Royal Academy. Scientific Revolution ✔✔Time period in Europe from 1500-1700 in which many advances in technology and science were made Enlightenment ✔✔The time period in the 18th century in Europe in which there was a critical approach to knowledge was underway Philosophes ✔✔A group of French "radicals" who focused on human reason and making critical changes in society Francois Voltaire ✔✔French philosopher from 1694-177 who preached freedom of speech and was exiled for his actions; Candide Denis Diderot ✔✔French philosopher from 1713-84 who composed a 28 volume encyclopedia that included and spread many Enlightenment ideas Baron de Montesquieu ✔✔French philosopher from 1689-1755 who proposed the division of government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches Jean Jacques Rousseau ✔✔French philosopher from 1712-1778 who believed that people are naturally good, but are corrupted by society Mary Wollstonecraft ✔✔English author from 1759-97 who was one of the first feminists for women's rights and denounced men for excluding them from Enlightenment ideas. Frankenstein Social Contract ✔✔Publication by Rousseau in which he stated his beliefs that society puts limitations on people and that government should be elected by the people and interfere minimally Adam Smith ✔✔Scottish economist who wrote The Wealth of Nations and proposed a free market Deism ✔✔A belief in God only based on factual evidence and the nature of reason Salon ✔✔A place where different thinkers and philosophers gathered to share and discuss ideas Enlightened Despot ✔✔Absolute ruler who used their power to bring about political and social change William Harvey ✔✔English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood Geocentric Theory ✔✔Everything revolves around the earth; studied by the Church Heliocentric Theory ✔✔The idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun; started by Copernicus Tycho Brahe ✔✔Carefully recorded accurate movements of the planets over a course of 20 years; influenced by Copernicus Recant ✔✔To admit that you're wrong and take it back John Locke ✔✔Believed people had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and that people could learn from their mistakes; all people were born with three natural rights: life, liberty, and property; the job of the government was to protect those rights, and if they didn't then the people had the right to over throw them Natural Rights ✔✔The idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property; started by John Locke Social Contract ✔✔People gave up their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order— duty to elect a government that represents you; duty to remove a government that is ineffective Laissez faire ✔✔"Let it be";"hands off" approach governments should not in any way interfere with business, a free marketplace provides an "invisible hand" to steer the economy Neoclassical ✔✔Simple and elegant style; Grecian Rococo ✔✔overly decorative, overly ornate, and elegant Baroque ✔✔Very heavy, grand, ornate style (older than rococo) Declaration of Independence ✔✔Written in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson; influenced by John Locke and other enlightenment thinkers; purpose was to formally announce the colonies' break with England Ben Franklin ✔✔Enlightenment ideas influenced him; used to justify independence Johann Sebastian Bach ✔✔German baroque organist and composer Pacifism ✔✔the doctrine that all violence is unjustifiable Classicism ✔✔The principles or styles characteristic of the literature and art of ancient Greece and Rome Romanticism ✔✔a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature and emotion rather than reason Metaphysics ✔✔the principles of philosophy as applied to explain the spiritual and eternal realms alchemist ✔✔early scientists who tried to transform base metals into precious metals hypothesis ✔✔theory that attempts to explain a set of facts; needs to be proven by experiments and observations Joseph Priestley ✔✔English chemist who isolated gases and discovered oxygen Robert Boyle ✔✔Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose experiments/observations of chemical elements and reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy;discovered Boyle's Law-volume and pressure are inversely proportional to one another at the same temperature Robert Hooke ✔✔Discovered and coined the term "cells" Antoine Lavoisier ✔✔French chemist named elements and discovered the law of the conservation of mass [Show More]

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