WGU c785, Top exam Questions with accurate answers, graded A+. Latest version.

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WGU c785, Top exam Questions with accurate answers, graded A+. Latest version. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - ✔✔-process to copy DNA What is needed to complete PCR - ✔✔-Template DNA, ... Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA Steps of PCR - ✔✔-denaturation, annealing, elongation denaturation - ✔✔-loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor Annealing - ✔✔-cooled to 50c primers stick and want to copy and add DNA polymerase Elongation - ✔✔-reaction heated to 70C and DNA polymerase add nucleotides building a new DNA strand. base excision repair - ✔✔-a modified base is first excised and then the entire nucleotide is replaced DNA glycosylase - ✔✔-removes damaged DNA DNA polymerase - ✔✔-replaces to damaged DNA ligase seals it base excision repair - ✔✔-removes one single nucleotide MIsmatch repair - ✔✔-The cellular process that uses special enzymes to fix incorrectly paired nucleotides. What DNA damage is corrected by mismatch repair - ✔✔-errors in replication fixed What occurs when DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA - ✔✔-transcription ! DNA polymerase takes the individual nucleotides and matches the them to the parental sequences to ensure a correct pair. It must bind with RNA primer to work. nonsense - ✔✔-change in 1 nucleotide produces a STOP codon silent mutation - ✔✔-A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created. Missense - ✔✔-a mutation that changes one amino acid What happens during RNA splicing - ✔✔-after transcription, the introns are removed and the exons are hooks back together DNA transcription - ✔✔-the proccess of copying a section of dna in order to make proteins DNA translation - ✔✔-Process by which mRNA is converted into a protein non-template/coding strand - ✔✔-its sequence matches the sequence of the RNA that is transcribed from the template strand and codes for a polypeptide complementary strand - ✔✔-A strand of DNA or RNA that has complementary bases to another strand of DNA or RNA. For instance, during DNA replication, the new strand that is formed is a complementary strand. (Complementary bases: A-T, C-G) DNA template to mRNA is? - ✔✔-transcription ionized alanine - ✔✔-It's an Amino acid. Look for the "R" group. Alanine is a hydrophobic amino acid that has CH3 it's a weak interaction. For ionized look for the one with the + or - charge Misfolding of protein structure in Alzheimer's - ✔✔-Caused by intracellular tangles and extracellular plaques (senile plaques) caused by abnormal protein aggregation. Tau is fibrous material inside cells with this the connections are lost. This becomes defective and form filaments in the neuron. Amyloid- beta is a large precursor protein in the cell. Excess amyloidbeta is clearly linked to Alzheimer's disease creating senile plaques. Starts in the hippocampus and moves up. Neurodegenerative protein aggregation - ✔✔-Alzheimer's disease, the most common neurodegenerative disease. The formation of aggregated amyloid-beta fibers is another characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, but neurodegeneration and memory loss can be detected before amyloid fibers accumulate in the brain. molecular chaperones - ✔✔-A protein that helps other proteins fold or refold from a partially denatured state. Primary level of protein structure - ✔✔-chain of amino acids, peptide bonds forming a polypeptide chain. Covalent bond, does not denature Secondary level of protein structure - ✔✔-alpha helix (coil) and beta-pleated sheet, hydrogen bond, denatured by salt and Ph change, contain carboxyl and amino groups Tertiary level of protein structure - ✔✔-side chain interaction, (R-group) - (3D), ex. sickle cell, arthritis, hemophilia. Changes seen with increased temp, salt, change in pH and reducing agents. Quaternary subunit - ✔✔-more than one polypeptide, Ex: Hemoglobin. Changes seen with increased temp. Primary formed by - ✔✔-peptide bonds Secondary formed by - ✔✔-held together by hydrogen bonds which are formed by 2 polar amino acids Which structure is unaffected by complete denaturation of the multi-subunit - ✔✔-Primary - peptide bonds are strong and covalent located in backbone and does not denature Tertiary structure is hydrophobic - ✔✔-Protein structure is stabilized primarily by the hydrophobic effect; disruption of the hydrophobic effect is the simplest way to denature a protein this is done by heating it up. What does the alpha and beta sheets make up? - ✔✔-Secondary structure Methotrexate - ✔✔-works by blocking an enzyme process in cancer cells so they can not grow APC - ✔✔-gene decreased expression because of methyl group. APC is classified as tumor suppressor gene. induced fit - ✔✔-The substrate and active site are somewhat complementary prior to substrate binding, many enzymes will adjust their active site conformation slightly as the substrate binds to improve the fit. Substrate enzyme complex - like a lock and key - ✔✔-Each substrate binds to an active site, producing an enzyme-substrate complex. The geometric and the chemical complementarity between the enzyme and substrate depend on noncovalent forces. Substrate - ✔✔-A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme, Enzymes have an active site, which serves as the binding platform for its specific substrate(s) and acts as the site of the chemical reaction Enzyme inhibition ( competitive vs non competitive) A competitive inhibitor - ✔✔-is usually a molecule similar in structure to a substrate that can bind to an enzyme's active site even though the molecule is [Show More]

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