CPCE/NCE Exam. JMAYY, Exam Questions with accurate answers, rated A+

Document Content and Description Below

CPCE/NCE Exam. JMAYY, Exam Questions with accurate answers, rated A+ Behaviorism - Theorists - ✔✔-John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, and B. F. Skinner. Erik Erikson's Eight Psychosoc... ial Stages - ✔✔-Trust versus mistrust (birth to age 1 ½ years); autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 ½ to 3 years); initiative versus guilt (3 to 6 years); industry versus inferiority (6 to 11 years): identity versus role confusion (12 to 18 years); intimacy versus isolation (18 to 35 years); generativity versus stagnation (35 to 60 years); and integrity versus despair (age 65 and beyond). Jean Piaget's Qualitative Four Stages of Cognitive Development (Genetic Epistemology) - ✔✔-Theory: Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years); Preoperational (2 to 7 years); Concrete Operations (7 to 12 years); and Formal Operations (11/ 12 to 16). Assimilation/Adaptation - ✔✔-When the individual fits information into existing ideas. (reinforces beliefs) Accommodation - ✔✔-Modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new information. (changes beliefs) Conservation - ✔✔-The child knows that volume and quantity do not change, just because the appearance of an object changes. Kegan's Constructive Developmental Model - ✔✔-model emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality; construct reality throughout lifespan; meaning making; Kegan suggests six stages of life span development: incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual. Lawrence Kohlberg's Three Levels of Moral Development - ✔✔-Each level has two stages: preconventional level— behavior governed by consequences; conventional level— a desire to conform to socially acceptable rules; postconventional level— self-accepted moral principles guide behavior. Carol Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development for Women - ✔✔-Gilligan's 1982 book In a Different Voice illuminated the fact that Kohlberg's research was conducted on males. Women have a sense of caring and compassion. Daniel Levinson Four Major Eras/ Transitions Theory - ✔✔-In a 1978 classic book titled The Seasons of a Man's Life Levinson depicted the changes in men's lives throughout the lifespan. The four key eras include: childhood and adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and later adulthood. Lev Vygotsky (1896- 1934) - ✔✔-zone of proximal development William Perry's Three Stage Theory of Intellectual and Ethical Development in Adults/ College Students (dualistic thinking) - ✔✔-Dualism in which students view the truth as either right or wrong. Relativism is the notion that a perfect answer may not exist. There is a desire to know various opinions. Commitment to relativism— in this final stage the individual is willing to change his or opinion based on novel facts and new points of view. James W. Fowler's Prestage Plus Six Stage Theory of Faith and Spiritual Development - ✔✔-Stage 0 undifferentiated (primal) faith (infancy, birth to 4 years); Stage 1 intuitive-projective faith (2 to 7 years, early childhood); mythic-literal faith (childhood and beyond); synthetic-conventional faith (adolescence and beyond) a stage of conformity); individuative-reflective faith (young adulthood and beyond); conjunctive faith (midthirties and beyond) openness to other points of view, paradox, and appreciation of symbols and metaphors; and universalizing faith (midlife and beyond) few reach this stage of enlightenment. Ethnocentrism - ✔✔-means that a given group sees itself as the standard by which other ethnic groups are measured Emic versus etic - ✔✔-In the emic approach the counselor helps the client understand his or her culture. In the etic approach the counselor focuses on the similarities in people; treating people as being the same. autoplastic- alloplastic dilemma - ✔✔-Autoplastic implies that the counselor helps the client change to cope with his or her environment. Alloplastic occurs when the counselor has the client try to change the environment. Social comparison theory - ✔✔-Popularized by early research conducted by Leon Festinger, simply postulates that we evaluate our behaviors and accomplishments by comparing ourselves to others. The five-stage Atkinson, Morten, and Sue Racial/ Cultural Identity Development Model (R/ CID) aka the Minority Identity Model - ✔✔-(1) Conformity (lean toward dominant culture and prefer a counselor from the dominant culture); (2) Dissonance (question and confusion, prefer a counselor from a minority group); (3) Resistance and Immersion (reject the dominant culture while accepting one's own culture); (4) Introspection (mixed feelings related to the previous stage, prefer a counselor from one's own racial/ ethnic group) and (5) Synergetic Articulation and Awareness (stop racial and cultural oppression, prefers a counselor with a similar attitude or worldview over merely a counselor who is the same race/ ethnicity, but has different beliefs). Not everyone goes through all stages and some individuals never progress beyond the second or third stage. An individual can also go backward. Abreaction - ✔✔-violent cathartic reaction Abscissa - ✔✔-x-coordinate Absolutist thinking/musterbations - ✔✔-Albert Ellis - using too many "shoulds, oughts, and musts" APGA (1952) > AACD (1983) > ACA (1992) - ✔✔-American Personnel and Guidance Association (National Vocational Guidance Association fused into)> American Association for Counseling and Development > American Counseling Association Nathan Ackerman & James Framo and Robin Skynner - ✔✔-Psychodynamic Family Therapy Acquiescence - ✔✔-when the client always agrees with something Acquisition period - ✔✔-time is takes to learn or acquire a behavior Applied/Action/experience-near research - ✔✔-advance our knowledge of how skills, theories, and techniques can be used in practical application Basic research - ✔✔-advance understanding understanding of theory Active/active-directive therapy - ✔✔-directive paradigm Trait-and-factor/actuarial/matching approach to career theory - ✔✔-match worker and environment; assumes only 1 best career for a person; popular with computer career guidance programs Edmund Griffith Williamson & Frank Parsons - ✔✔-Trait-and-factor/actuarial/matching approach to career theory; father of guidence Enmeshment - ✔✔-when family members are overinvolved with each other and thus lose their autonomy Nonsummativity - ✔✔-any system including the family is greater than the sum of its parts (the individuals in it) and therefore it is necessary to examine patterns rather than merely each individual's behavior Adult ego state/neopsyche - ✔✔-rational, logical, and does not focus on feelings; Freud's ego (rational) Parent ego state - ✔✔-contains the "shoulds" and "oughts;" Freud's superego (moral/judgment) Alfred Adler (neo-freudian) - ✔✔-Individual psychology; inferiority complex; organ inferiority; man is basically good; thirst for perfection that motivates bx; sibling interaction; social connectedness; lifestyle is a predictable self-fulfilling prophecy based on feelings about ourselves, birth order, family constellation; a product of reinforcement; preface to group movement; pioneer in family tx (open forum tx) Carl Gustav Jung - ✔✔-Analytic psychology; collective unconcious Constructivist career theory - ✔✔-understand the client's view (also known as constructs) to explain his or her problems; meaning making; brief tx; narrative tx Brief Tx - ✔✔-What worked in the past? Neo-freudian - ✔✔-Neo-Freudians such as Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Erich Fromm stressed the importance of cultural (social) issues and, of course, interpersonal (social) relations. Rudolph Dreikurs - ✔✔-Adler's student; first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice Konrad Lorenz - instinct theorist - ✔✔-compared us to the wolf or the baboon; aggressiveness is part of our evolution and was necessary for survival; catharsis is gets it out; ethology = the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment; imprinting and critical periods; imprinting Albert Bandura - ✔✔-social learning theory; self-efficacy theory John Dollard and Neal Miller - ✔✔-Frustration-aggression theory (Frustration occurs when an individual is blocked so that he or she cannot reach an intended goal (or the goal is removed). ALGBTIC - ✔✔-Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender issues in Counseling Rosenthal/Experimenter/Pygmalion effect - ✔✔-The experimenter falls in love with his or her own hypothesis and the experiment becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. Ahistoric therapy - ✔✔-any psychotherapeutic model that focuses on the here-and-now rather than the past Alloplastic viewpoint - ✔✔-the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment Autoplastic viewpoint - ✔✔-change comes from within the client F. H. Allport - ✔✔-social facilitation (The presence of other persons (e.g., coworkers, other athletes, fellow students) improves an individual's performance) Kuder-Richardson coefficients of equivalence (KR-20 & KR-21)/Cronbach's alpha coefficient - ✔✔- measures internal reliability (homogeneity) Cross-validation - ✔✔-A researcher further examines the criterion validity (and in rarer instances, the construct validity) of a test by administering the test to a new sample to ensure that the original validity coefficient is applicable to others who will take the exam; smaller than internal validity coefficient (shrinkage) Type 1 (alpha error) - ✔✔-rejects the null hypothesis when it is true Type 2 (beta error) - ✔✔-accepts the null hypothesis when it is false EEG - ✔✔-measures brain wave rhythms Ambivalent transference - ✔✔-the client will experience contradictory emotions, such as love and hate, alternating from one to the other toward therapist Predictive validity - ✔✔-the power to accurately describe future behavior or events NBCC - ✔✔-National Board for Certified Counselors ACES - ✔✔-American Counselor Education and Supervision (APGA division that pushed for licensing) ASGPP & AGPA (1940s) - ✔✔-American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama & the American Group Psychotherapy Association ASGW - ✔✔-Association for Specialists in Group Work (ACA division for group interventions published in journal) AAS - ✔✔-American Association of Suicidology AMHCA - ✔✔-American Mental Health Counselors Association systematic sampling - ✔✔-take every nth person Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA or ANACOVA) - ✔✔-more than 2 groups and controls for extraneous variables (covariates) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - ✔✔-more than 2 groups being co [Show More]

Last updated: 2 years ago

Preview 1 out of 22 pages