NSCA CSCS Study Set Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, graded A+. Verified.

NSCA CSCS Study Set Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, graded A+. Verified. How does the body exert force? - ✔✔Muscles pull on bones that rotate about joints to transmit force to the environment What are the t ...

NSCA CSCS Study Set Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, graded A+. Verified. How does the body exert force? - ✔✔Muscles pull on bones that rotate about joints to transmit force to the environment What are the three types of bone joints? - ✔✔1-Fibrous joints (sutures) 2-Cartilaginous (inter-vertebral discs) 3-Synovial (elbow/knee) What are the thee points of axes? - ✔✔1-Uniaxial (hinge-elbow) 2-Biaxial (ankle/wrist) 3-Multiaxial (shoulder/hip) How many vertebra make up the vertebral column? - ✔✔24 - Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Superior - ✔✔closer to the head Inferior - ✔✔closer to the feet Distal - ✔✔farther from trunk Proximal - ✔✔closer to trunk What is the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle? - ✔✔Sarcomere A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates? - ✔✔A motor unit Covers the entire muscle and is contiguous with the tendon? - ✔✔Epimysium Covers muscle fibers and groups them into bundles? - ✔✔Perimysium Covers each individual muscle fiber and contiguous with the sarcolemma? - ✔✔Endomysium Does actin or mysoin form the crossbridges? - ✔✔Myosin T-tubules discharge an action potential into the neuromuscular junction that causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release what? - ✔✔Calcium- which binds to tropinin allowing the process of muscle contraction to begin T/F- the h-zone and I-band decrease as the actin slides over the myosin - ✔✔True Which neurotransmitter is responsible for causing excitation of the sarcolemma? - ✔✔Acetylcholine What is the all-or-none principle? - ✔✔Either all of the muscle fibers contract to exert force or none do What is the order of muscle fiber activation? - ✔✔Twitch Summation Tetanus Which muscle fiber type is least prone to fatigue? - ✔✔Type I Which muscle fiber type is most prone to fatigue? - ✔✔Type IIx What are proprioceptors? - ✔✔Specialized sensory receptors T/F-Muscles spindles sense change in length of the muscle - ✔✔True T/F-Golgi Tendon Organs are located in the tendon and sense tension - ✔✔True Norm for systolic/distolic BP? - ✔✔120/80 Ventricular contraction? - ✔✔Systole Ventricular relaxation? - ✔✔Diastole In what section of the heart is the impulse delayed before going into the ventricle? - ✔✔Atrioventricular Valve What is considered the intrinsic pacemaker of the heart? - ✔✔Sinoatrial valve Does the parasympathetic system slow down or speed up the heart rate? - ✔✔Slows down Does the sympathetic nervous system slow down or speed up the heart rate? - ✔✔Speeds up Can atrial re-polarization be seen in an ECG? - ✔✔No it is masked by the QRS Complex What parts make up an ECG? - ✔✔ What are the function of arteries, capillaries, and veins respectively? - ✔✔Arteries- transport blood from heart Capillaries- facilitate exchange of nutrient rich blood Veins- transport blood back to the heart What is the iron-protein molecule carried by red blood cells? - ✔✔Hemoglobin List the steps of muscular contraction: - ✔✔ What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system? - ✔✔The basic exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide T/F-Biomechanics focuses on the mechanisms through which the muscoskeletal components interact to create movement - ✔✔True Origin - ✔✔muscle's proximal attachement Insertion - ✔✔muscle's distal attachment Describe an agonist, antagonist, and synergist respectively: - ✔✔Agonist- prime mover Antagonist- slows or stops movement Synergist- assists indirectly in a movement First class lever Second class lever Third class lever - ✔✔ Anatomical position (diagram) - ✔✔ How does the sagittal plane divide the body and list an example of a exercise that occurs in this plane? - ✔✔left to right EX: Squat and standing barbell curl -anything with flexion or extension How does the frontal plane divide the body and list an example of a exercise that occurs in this plane? - ✔✔front to back EX: Standing lateral dumbbell raise and jumping jacks -anything with abduction/adduction How does the transverse plane divide the body and list an example of a exercise that occurs in this plane? - ✔✔upper to lower EX: dumbbell fly and back hand tennis hit -anything with rotation Strength - ✔✔The ability to exert force Acceleration - ✔✔The rate at which velocity changes Force= mass*acceleration Power - ✔✔the rate at which work is done power= force*velocity Work - ✔✔Work=force*distance Rate coding - ✔✔the rate at which motor units are fired Recruitment - ✔✔which and how many motor units are involved in muscle contraction T/F-Angle of pennation is the the angle between the muscle fibers and an imaginary line between the muscle's origin and insertion - ✔✔True The biceps brachii has what type of muscle fiber arrangement? - ✔✔Fusiform The Rectus abdominus has what type of muscle fiber arrangement? - ✔✔Longitudinal The Rectus Femoris has what type of muscle fiber arrangement? - ✔✔Bipennate The Tibialis posterior has what type of muscle fiber arrangement? - ✔✔Unipennate The Gluteus Medius has what type of muscle fiber arrangement? - ✔✔Radiate The Deltoid has what type of muscle fiber arrangement? - ✔✔Multipennate Conentric muscle action - ✔✔muscle shortens because the contractile force is greater than the resistive force Eccentric muscle action - ✔✔muscle lengthens because the contractile force is less than the resistive force Isometric muscle action - ✔✔muscle length does not change because the contractile force is equal to the resistive force Is the risk of injury higher in team sports or resistance training? - ✔✔Team sports What is the classic formula? - ✔✔load lifted/body weight to the two/thirds power Muscle force varies by: - ✔✔-perpendicular distance from the weight to the body joint -joint angle A vertical jump is done in what anatomical plane? - ✔✔Sagittal What is bioenergetics? - ✔✔flow of energy in a biological system The break down of larger molecule into smaller ones in which energy is released is known as what? - ✔✔Catabolism and an exergonic reaction The building up of larger molecules from smaller ones which needs energy to occur is know as what? - ✔✔Anabolism and an endergonic reaction ATP stands for - ✔✔adenosine triphosphate Anaerobic - ✔✔Process that does not require oxygen Aerobic - ✔✔Process that requires oxygen Glycolysis produces roughly how many ATP? - ✔✔38 What is beta oxidation? - ✔✔Break down of free fatty acids which results in hundreds of ATP What duration of an exercise would result in the use of the phosphagen system? - ✔✔0-6 secs Discus What duration of an exercise would result in the use of the fast glycolysis? - ✔✔30s-2mins 100 m run What duration of an exercise would result in the use of the fast glycolysis and oxidative system? - ✔✔2- 3mins 400 m swim What duration of an exercise would result in the use of the oxidative system? - ✔✔>3mins Marathon Oxygen debt - ✔✔postexercise oxygen uptake Glycogenolysis - ✔✔breakdown of glycogen to glucose Glucogenesis - ✔✔formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources What may lead to much of the peripheral fatigue that occurs during exercise? - ✔✔metabolic acidosis- a decrease in the pH What energy system is know as the anaerobic alactic system? - ✔✔ATP-PC System- does not produces lactic acid What energy system is know as the anaerobic lactic system? - ✔✔Glycolysis- produces lactic acid What is EPOC? - ✔✔the oxygen uptake above resting values used to restore the body to the preexercise condition Interval Training - ✔✔Alternating periods of work with active recovery Work to rest intervals PhosphagenFast GlycolysisFast Glycolysis and OxidativeOxidative- - ✔✔Phosphagen- 1:12 to 1:20 Fast Glycolysis- 1:3 to 1:5 Fast Glycolysis and Oxidative- 1:3 to 1:4 Oxidative- 1:1 to 1:3 T/F- Hormones are chemical messengers that are synthesized, stored, and released by the endocrine glands - ✔✔True Growth Hormone - ✔✔Stimulates insulin like growth factor from the liver -decrease glucose utilization/synthesis -Increase amino acid transport -Increase protein synthesis -Increase use of fatty acids -Increase collagen synthesis Insulin - ✔✔Reduces blood glucose by promotion of glucose uptake in cells- secreted by pancreas Insulin like growth factor - ✔✔increases protein synthesis in cells Epinephrine - ✔✔Increases cardiac output and is secreted by adrenal medulla Nor-epinephrine - ✔✔Constricts blood vessels Progesterone - ✔✔stimulates development of female sex characteristics (ovaries) Testosterone - ✔✔promotes protein synthesis and prevents breakdown while helping to develop male sex characteristics (testes) Renin - ✔✔Regulates kidney function (kidneys) What do anabolic hormones do? - ✔✔promote tissue building What do catabolic hormones do? - ✔✔can degrade cell proteins (cortisol) lock and key theory - ✔✔the receptor is the lock and the hormone is they key How do polypeptide hormones (growth hormones and insulin) cross the cell membrane? - ✔✔Since they are not fat soluble they must cross over through the use of secondary messengers What are some of the roles of catecholamines? - ✔✔-Increase force production -Increase muscular contraction rate -Increase blood pressure -Increase energy availability -Increase muscle blood flow -Augment secretion of other hormones like testosterone Which hormone has the greatest influence on neural changes? - ✔✔Testosterone How to increase testosterone levels: - ✔✔-large muscle groups -heavy resistance (85-95% 1rm) -Moderate to high volume of exercise -Short rest periods (30-60 secs) How to increase Growth hormone levels: - ✔✔-high total work with short rest periods (1 min) -Supplement diet with carbs and protein before and after workouts T/F-Anaerobic training requires oxygen - ✔✔False- it does not but aerobic training does What is the functional unit of the neuromuscular system? - ✔✔Motor Unit What are the potential sites of adaptation for anaerobic training in the neuromuscular system? - ✔✔- Motor Cortex -GTOs -Muscle fibers -Stretch reflex -Neuromuscular junction: increase in total area -Connective Tissue Hypertrophy - ✔✔enlargement of muscle fiber cross sectional area What is an electromyography used for? - ✔✔examine the magnitude of neural activation in the muscle Does hyperplasia occur in humans and what is it? - ✔✔It does not occur in humans but it is the splitting of muscle fibers associated with muscle growth Bone Mineral Density - ✔✔the mineral content in an area or volume of bone Specificity of loading - ✔✔the use of exercises that directly load the particular region of interest in the skeleton What is a structural exercise and an example of it? - ✔✔Multi joint movements that load the spine: squat and deadlift Osteoperosis - ✔✔a disease that decreases BMD and bone mass -more likely to experiences fractures -2.5 SD below young adult mean Progressive overload - ✔✔progressively placing a greater than normal demand on the exercise musculature Stress fractures are: - ✔✔microfractures due to structural fatigue What is the structural component of all connective tissue? - ✔✔Collagen Hyaline cartilage is found where? - ✔✔the articulating surfaces of bone Fibrous cartilage is found where? - ✔✔very tough cartilage found in the intervertebral discs or where tendons attach to the bone Rate pressure product equation - ✔✔HR x Systolic BP Overtraining can be noticed by - ✔✔a decrease in performance Overeaching - ✔✔taking on higher stress, seeing decrements in performance, and then returning to typical performance or higher Non functional overeaching leads to what? - ✔✔stagnation and decrease in performance Overtraining syndrome - ✔✔long term decrease in per