C180 WGU Version 4 Summary, Exam Preview Questions and answers, Graded A+

C180 WGU Version 4 Summary, Exam Preview Questions and answers, Graded A+ Psychology - ✔✔is the science of the mind and behavior. The history of psychology includes - ✔✔philosophy, physiology, and behavioral compon ...

C180 WGU Version 4 Summary, Exam Preview Questions and answers, Graded A+ Psychology - ✔✔is the science of the mind and behavior. The history of psychology includes - ✔✔philosophy, physiology, and behavioral components. Psychologists use various levels of analysis including - ✔✔the levels of brain, person, and group. The level of the brain involves - ✔✔both the brain and its structure. The level of the person encompasses - ✔✔mental contents and processes. The level of the group incorporates - ✔✔social and cultural interactions. Functionalism is interested in - ✔✔why something is important, while structuralism focuses on what is important. Structuralists use the method of - ✔✔introspection. Psychodynamic psychology exerts a great influence - ✔✔of unconscious cognition on people's moods and behaviors. Freud mapped out these unconscious - ✔✔structures against his stages of psychosexual development. Humanistic psychology advocated - ✔✔complete respect and positive regard for clients. The focus of humanist psychologists is - ✔✔for people to get well, applying what is right with them to their goals instead of focusing on their problems. The cognitive revolution brought - ✔✔about the framework that thought influences mood and behavior. Cognitive neuroscience seeks - ✔✔to know brain functioning. Evolutionists step back into human roots to understand - ✔✔the connections between inherited adaptive traits and modern behavior. Psychology is - ✔✔an expanding discipline with multiple areas of interest. Clinical, counseling - ✔✔and school psychologists are, the most prevalent areas of employment for psychologists. The neuron - ✔✔is the key building block of the brain. The cell body - ✔✔receives inputs from the dendrites (or sometimes, directly from axons of other neurons) and sends its output via the axon (which is connected to the dendrites of other neurons or, in some cases, their cell bodies). When a neuron fires as a result of receiving input - ✔✔chemical reactions work their way down the axon and neurotransmitter substances are released at the terminal buttons. The largest part of the brain is the cerebral cortex - ✔✔a folded mass of gray matter that is divided lengthwise into two hemispheres and laterally into four lobes. The occipital lobe - ✔✔processes vision The temporal lobe - ✔✔processes sound interprets language and stores memories. The parietal lobe - ✔✔controls spatial awareness and the sense of touch. Across the central sulcus the frontal lobe provides motor control as well as many processes related to reason attention executive control and emotion. The two hemispheres - ✔✔span all four lobes but are specialized. The left hemisphere is - ✔✔more effective at speech and reasoning The right hemisphere is - ✔✔more effective at spatial perception and processing nonverbal cues. Below the cortex lie inner brain structures, including the thalamus the "switching center" of the brain; the hypothalamus, which controls many automatic bodily functions; the limbic system, which plays an important role in emotions as well as memory; the cerebellum, which manages balance and coordination; and the brainstem, which relays information from the spinal cord. - ✔✔ The thalamus - ✔✔the switching center of the brain The hypothalamus - ✔✔which controls many automatic bodily functions The limbic system - ✔✔which plays an important role in emotions as well as memory The cerebellum - ✔✔which manages balance and coordination The brainstem - ✔✔which relays information from the spinal cord Researchers use= descriptive, correlational, and experimental methods to explore questions in psychology. - ✔✔ The scientific method for research is - ✔✔a systematic set of six steps that helps researchers and scientists answer questions in the field of psychology and many other fields. The steps are Observe and question. Research. Formulate a hypothesis. Test your hypothesis. Analyze and conclude. Share the results. To ensure that psychological research is conducted in a fair and ethical manner - ✔✔the American Psychological Association provides guidelines in areas such as beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, and respect for people's rights and dignity. Institutional Boards of Review (IRBs) also maintain strict oversight. Classical conditioning involves - ✔✔the pairing of an initially neutral stimulus (such as a tone, which then becomes the conditioned stimulus) with an unconditioned stimulus (such as food). The unconditioned stimulus reflexively elicits - ✔✔an unconditioned response (such as salivation), and, with repeated unconditioned stimulus (conditioned stimulus pairings), the conditioned stimulus will elicit the response evoked by the unconditioned stimulus as a conditioned response (such as salivation). Pavlov discovered classical conditioning while - ✔✔conducting studies of dogs' salivation. Extinction is achieved - ✔✔by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. With stimulus generalization - ✔✔a similar but nonidentical stimulus elicits the conditioned response. Classical conditioning is used - ✔✔in advertising and to treat phobias. Classical conditioning is also a - ✔✔mechanism underlying food or taste aversions and some placebo responses. Operant conditioning is a process involving - ✔✔a person or animal that is operating and engaged in the world. Reinforcements increase - ✔✔behaviors or