ASWB LMSW Exam (Full Coverage). 100% Approved Recap for Exams. Graded A+

ASWB LMSW Exam (Full Coverage). 100% Approved Recap for Exams. Graded A+ Erik Erikson - ✔✔-known for his 8-stage theory of psychosocial development focusing on resolving successive identity crises Basic Trust Vs ...

ASWB LMSW Exam (Full Coverage). 100% Approved Recap for Exams. Graded A+ Erik Erikson - ✔✔-known for his 8-stage theory of psychosocial development focusing on resolving successive identity crises Basic Trust Vs Mistrust (Erikson) - ✔✔-infants learn trust and develop a sense of safety through the consistency of the caregiver meeting their needs (birth to one year) Autonomy Vs Shame & Doubt (Erikson) - ✔✔-toddlers learn to do things for themselves through encouragement and support (1-3 years) Initiative Vs Guilt (Erikson) - ✔✔-preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans or they feel guilty about their efforts at independence (3-6 years) Industry Vs Inferiority (Erikson) - ✔✔-school-age children learn the pleasure of applying oneself to a task, or they feel inferior (6-12 years) Identity Vs Role Confusion (Erikson) - ✔✔-teenagers develop a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are (12-20 years) Intimacy Vs Isolation (Erikson) - ✔✔-young adults work on forming and maintaining intimate relationships or they feel socially isolated (20-25 years) Generativity Vs Stagnation (Erikson) - ✔✔-middle-aged adults discover a sense of contributing through family or work, or they may feel a lack of purpose (25-65 years) Ego Integrity Vs Despair (Erikson) - ✔✔-older adults reflect on satisfaction with their lives or feel a sense of failure (65 years to death) Social Development - Micro - ✔✔-learning how to behave and interact well with others; learning how to manage feelings in a way that is productive rather than counterproductive Social Development - Macro - ✔✔-learning how people interact in groups and society (family, community), especially in regards to social norms, institutional change, and inclusion Emotional Development - ✔✔-learning self-awareness, self-regulation, social skills, cooperation, attention, transitioning from one activity to another, self-confidence, forming and maintaining relationships Six Levels of Cognition - ✔✔-knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation (KCAASE) Knowledge - ✔✔-rote memorization, recognition, recall of facts (1st level of cognition) Comprehension - ✔✔-understanding what facts mean (2nd level of cognition) Application - ✔✔-correct use of facts, rules, or ideas (3rd level of cognition) Analysis - ✔✔-breaking information down into its component parts (4th level of cognition) Synthesis - ✔✔-combination of facts, ideas, or information to make a new whole (5th level of cognition) Evaluation - ✔✔-judging or forming an opinion about the information or situation (6th level of cognition) Jean Piaget - ✔✔-known for his 4-stage theory of cognitive development in children Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget) - ✔✔-infants and young toddlers explore using the senses and learn object permanence (birth to 2 years) Preoperational Stage (Piaget) - ✔✔-young children engage in symbolic thinking (pretend play and imaginary friends) and concrete, egocentric thinking (2-7 years) Concrete Operations Stage (Piaget) - ✔✔-school-age children engage in logical thinking, understanding rules and cause-effect relationships (7-11 years) Formal Operations Stage (Piaget) - ✔✔-by puberty, people are able to engage in abstract hypothetical thinking, plan for the future, and test hypotheses (11 years through adulthood) Lawrence Kohlberg - ✔✔-known for his theory of stages of moral development Preconventional Morality (Kohlberg) - ✔✔-obeys authority out of fear of punishment; acts in own best interests; conforms to receive rewards (childhood) Conventional Morality (Kohlberg) - ✔✔-acts to gain approval from others; obeys laws and fulfills obligations to maintain social system; avoids censure and guilt (adolescents & most adults) Postconventional Morality (Kohlberg) - ✔✔-genuine interest in others' welfare; concerned with individual rights and being morally right; guided by principles and concerns based on broad, universal ethics and morality (some adults) Learning Theory - Behaviorism - ✔✔-learning is viewed through change in behavior and the stimuli in the external environment are the locus of learning; change the external environment and change behavior Learning Theory - Cognitive Theory - ✔✔-learning is viewed through internal mental processes (insight, information processing, memory, perception) and the locus of learning is internal cognitive structures; develop opportunities to foster capacity and skills to improve learning Learning Theory - Humanism - ✔✔-learning is viewed as a person's activities aimed at reaching his or her full potential, and the locus of learning is in meeting cognitive and other needs; develop the whole person Learning Theory - Social Theory - ✔✔-learning is obtained between people and their environment--their interactions and observations in social contexts; establish opportunities for conversation and participation Respondent Behavior (Behaviorism) - ✔✔-involuntary behavior (anxiety, sexual response) that is automatically elicited by certain behavior. A stimulus elicits a response. Operant Behavior (Behaviorism) - ✔✔-voluntary behavior (walking, talking) that is controlled by its consequences in the environment Classical Conditioning - ✔✔-learning to associate an involuntary response and a stimulus (Pavlov's dogs develop the expectation that they will be fed when a bell rings) Operant Conditioning - ✔✔-learning to associate a voluntary response with a consequence (Skinner's rats develop the expectation that they will get food by pressing a lever) Best known applications of behavior modification - ✔✔-sexual dysfunction, phobic disorders, compulsive behaviors (overeating, smoking), and training for people with intellectual disabilities or Autism Spectrum Disorder Behavioral theories suggest that personality is a result of... - ✔✔-interaction between the individual and the environment Behavioral theories focus on... - ✔✔-observable and measurable behaviors rather than internal thoughts and feelings advantages of client self-monitoring (Behaviorism) - ✔✔-inexpensive, practical, therapeutic disadvantages of client self-monitoring (Behaviorism) - ✔✔-clients collecting inadequate/inaccurate information or resisting to collect any at all Positive Reinforcement (Operant Technique) - ✔✔-increases probability that behavior will occur: praise, giving tokens, or otherwise rewarding positive behavior Negative Reinforcement (Operant Technique) - ✔✔-behavior increases because a negative/aversive stimulus is removed (i.e., remove shock) Positive Punishment (Operant Technique) - ✔✔-presentation of undesirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (i.e., spanking) Negative Punishment (Operant Technique) - ✔✔-removal of a desirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (i.e., time out) Aversion Therapy - ✔✔-behavioral treatment aimed at reducing the attractiveness of a stimulus or behavior by pairing it with an aversive stimulus (i.e., treating alcoholism with Antabuse) Biofeedback - ✔✔-behavior training program that teaches a person how to control certain functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and muscle tension; often used for ADHD and Anxiety Disorders Extinction - ✔✔-withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior; behavior that fails to produce reinforcement will eventually cease Flooding - ✔✔-a treatment procedure in which a client's anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high-intensity feared stimuli In Vivo Desensitization - ✔✔-pairing and movement through a hierarchy of anxiety, from least to most anxiety provoking situations; takes place in "real" settings Modeling (Behaviorism) - ✔✔-method of instruction that involves an individual (the model) demonstrating a behavior to be acquired by a client Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) - ✔✔-a cognitively-oriented therapy which seeks to change a client's irrational beliefs by argument, persuasion, and rational reevaluation and by teaching them to counter self-defeating thinking with new, nondistressing self-statements Shaping (Behaviorism) - ✔✔-method used to train a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior Systematic Desensitization - ✔✔-pairs anxiety-producing stimulus with a relaxation-producing response (compliment, gift), since an anxiety-inhibiting response cannot occur at the same time as the anxiety response Token Economy - ✔✔-a client receives tokens as reinforcement for performing specified behaviors; these function as currency and can be exchanged for goods, services, or privileges Sexuality in infants and toddlers - ✔✔-babies are sexual in utero (males can have erections in the uterus) and will rub their genitals before they can walk because it is pleasurable; children can experience orgasm; by age 2, most children understand anatomical sex differences Sexuality in children (age 3-7) - ✔✔-preschool children are very curious about bodies and enjoy physical contact; imitating adult behavior (holding hands, kissing, playing house); sex play is normal at this age (looking at genitals, playing doctor) Sexuality in preadolescence (age 8-12) - ✔✔-puberty begins and children become more modest and selfconscious about their bodies; masturbation increases but the idea of sexual intercourse remains unpleasant for most; same-gender sexual experiences are normal and not necessarily indicative of sexual orientation; group dating is common; may have experiences of "making out", heavy petting, and oral sex Sexuality in adolescence (age 13-19) - ✔✔-increased interest in romantic and sexual relationships, including intercourse; most adolescents explore relationships, fall in and out of love, and have sex before the age of 20 Adult sexuality - ✔✔-women experience menopause around age 50; sex may become uncomfortable due to physical changes in the vagina (these can be mitigated with lubricant and estrogen therapy); men are less able to achieve erections and have less ejaculate; men should have prostate exams for cancer; even among the very old, the need for touch and intimacy remains Ethnicity - ✔✔-the idea that one is a member of a particular cultural, national, or racial group that may share culture, religion, race, language, or place or origin Race - ✔✔-a term of cultural classification (today based mainly on skin color and other physiological markers) that has changed over time; related to a particular social, historical, and geographic context; race used to be based on ethnicity or nationality, religion, or minority language groups Culture - ✔✔-the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next through interaction, customs, language, religion, and media Stage Model for Cultural & Ethnic Identity Development - ✔✔-1 - unexamined identity, in which ideas are uncritically accepted 2 - identity search, in which ideas are explored and questioned and there is increased awareness of other cultures 3 - identity achievement, in which people have a clear sense of their own identity as well as acceptance of others Status Model for Cultural & Ethnic Identity Development - ✔✔-1 - Preencounter 2 - Encounter 3 - Immersion-Emersion 4 - Internalization & Commitment Preencounter (Ethnic Identity Development) - ✔✔-at this point, one may not be consciously aware of his or her culture, race, or ethnicity and how it may affect his or her life Encounter (Ethnic Identity Development) - ✔✔-one has a positive or negative experience which provokes thought about the role of culture, ethnicity, or race (minorities typically experience discrimination) Immersion-Emersion (Ethnic Identity Development) - ✔✔-a period of exploration and learning, often through interaction with others from the same cultural, racial, or ethnic groups Internalization & Commitment (Ethnic Identity Development) - ✔✔-a secure sense of identity in which one is comfortable socializing both within and outside of one's cultural groups Medical vs. Social Model of Disability - ✔✔-medical model - disability is abnormal and a problem that should be solved social model - disability is a normal part of the human experience which social institutions and norms should accommodate Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ✔✔-physiological, safety, social (love and belonging), esteem, selfactualization Physiological Needs (Maslow) - ✔✔-food, water, air, body temperature regulation, sleep, elimination, health Safety Needs (Maslow) - ✔✔-safety, security, stability, predictability Social Needs (Maslow) - ✔✔-affection, belonging, acceptance, love, intimacy, companionship, and friendship Esteem Needs (Maslow) - ✔✔-achievement, competence, efficacy, worth, freedom, independence, recognition, and respect Self-Actualization Needs (Maslow) - ✔✔-personal growth, creativity, contribution, meaning, meeting one's full potential Deficiency Needs (Maslow) - ✔✔-also known as deficiency needs or D-needs; arise due to lack; satisfying these basic needs helps to avoid unpleasant feelings or consequence Growth Needs (Maslow) - ✔✔-also known as being needs or B-needs; self actualization; fall highest level on pyramid; come from place of growth rather than lack Attachment Theory (John Bowlby) - ✔✔-posits that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments to caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival Secure Attachment - ✔✔-when caregivers respond quickly and effectively to a child's needs, the child learns to self-soothe by relying on caregiver; as adults, these people are comfortable in relationships and seek support when they need it Ambivalent (Anxious/Preoccupied) Attachment - ✔✔-when caregivers provide inconsistent care, some children cry and are difficult to console; as adults, these people are insecure and need reassurance Avoidant Attachment - ✔✔-when caregivers provide inconsistent care, some children learn that it is pointless to cry; as adults, these people are emotionally cut off and overly independent Disorganized Attachment - ✔✔-when caregivers are abusive or neglectful, the child is overwhelmed by constantly changing emotions and unmet needs; as adults, these people may have personality disorders where they both crave intimacy and reject it Biological Theory of Personality - ✔✔-suggests that genetics are responsible for personality based on heritability research Behavioral Theories of Personality - ✔✔-suggests that personality is a result of interaction between the individual and their environment (measurable, observable interaction) Psychodynamic Theory of Personality - ✔✔-emphasize the importance of the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences Humanist Theories of Personality - ✔✔-emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience, as well as self-actualization Trait Theories of Personality - ✔✔-posits that personality are made up of a collection of broad, relatively stable behavioral predispositions Conflict Theories - ✔✔-social theories derived from Karl Marx positing that society is fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources According to conflict theory, social order is maintained by... - ✔✔-consensus among those with the greatest political, economic, and social resources According to conflict theory, inequality exists because... - ✔✔-those in control of a disproportionate share of society's resources actively defend their advantage