ESB TEST 2 Pool Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, rated A

ESB TEST 2 Pool Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, rated A Research Process - ✔✔Question, design, findings, publishing True Experiment - ✔✔designs in which the researcher manipulates ALL independent variables; tot ...

ESB TEST 2 Pool Questions and answers, 100% Accurate, rated A Research Process - ✔✔Question, design, findings, publishing True Experiment - ✔✔designs in which the researcher manipulates ALL independent variables; total control over who's in what group Quasi Experimental Design - ✔✔designs in which random assignments cannot be used Quasi Independent Variables - ✔✔variables treated as if they were independent variables in the experimental design even though the researchers did not manipulate them Self Reports - ✔✔any measurement technique that directly asks a participant how they think/feel Advantages of Self Report - ✔✔inexpensive, easily administered, firsthand info from the source Disadvantages of Self Report - ✔✔social desirability concerns, potential demand characteristics (wanting a specific result like on buzzfeed quiz), possible retrospective bias Behavioral Measure - ✔✔a measure of a participant's actions in a research design, must be able to operationally define and measure participants' behavior (Behavioral trace/observation/choice) Raw Score - ✔✔the actual score; trace score + error True Score - ✔✔what your score would be if the test was a perfect measure of that attribute and uninfluenced by any extraneous factors Error - ✔✔extraneous influences that will cause the raw score to deviate from the true score; (random error + bias)/systematic error Random Error - ✔✔variation from the measure's true score due to unsystematic or chance factors, present if you get different results when the same measure was used multiple times Systematic Error - ✔✔aka bias, error that consistently pushes scores in a given direction, worse than random error bc leads to inaccurate conclusions Strategies for Minimizing Error - ✔✔standardization of experiments, reduce scorer biases Observer/Scorer Bias - ✔✔misinterpreting an observation based on the researcher's existing beliefs, previous experiences, expectations, etc Ceiling Effect - ✔✔occurs when the upper boundary of a measurement tool is set too low, leading everyone to select the highest response Floor Effect - ✔✔occurs when the lower boundary of a measurement tool is set too high, leading everyone to select the lowest response Reliability - ✔✔stability or consistency of a measure Validity - ✔✔the degree to which a tool measures what it claims to; to be valid, a measure must first be reliable Population - ✔✔the entire group of interest in a research study from which a sample is drawn Sample - ✔✔a subset of the population from which the researcher collects data Sampling Plan - ✔✔explicit strategy used for recruiting participants from the population; goal is to represent the population you are sampling Probability Sampling Method - ✔✔everyone in the population of interest has an equal chance of being recruited Simple Random Sampling - ✔✔participants are randomly selected from the population Strata Random Sampling - ✔✔subset is randomly selected from various subpopulations or categories Cluster Random Sampling - ✔✔dividing the total population into groups and randomly selecting which groups participate Non Probability Sampling - ✔✔everyone in a population of interest does NOT get an equal chance of being recruited, creates bias Convenience Sampling - ✔✔nonrandom selection of participants readily available to the researcher Quota Sampling - ✔✔freely choosing any participant as long as they meet an established quota Purposive Sampling - ✔✔sample chosen based on who the researcher thinks would be appropriate for the study Snowball Sampling - ✔✔existing study participants recruit future participants from among their acquaintances Non Responsive Bias - ✔✔a potential systematic difference between those who refused to participate in a study and those who did, difficult to determine nature/extent Volunteer Subject Problem - ✔✔those who volunteer to participate may be characteristically different from those who choose not to participate Steps for Research - ✔✔review the literature, formulate a research question, pick a design, pick data collection technique Qualitative Research - ✔✔a generic term representing a variety of methodologies that focus on obtaining an in-depth account of participants' perspectives Quantitative Research - ✔✔a generic term for methods that seek to objectively examine associations between variables, predict outcomes, and make comparisons Mixed Methods - ✔✔a blend of qualitative and quantitative that