LCDC EXAM STUDY Questions and answers, 100%Accurate, rated A

LCDC EXAM STUDY Questions and answers, 100%Accurate, rated A Two main types of cells in the nervous system - ✔✔-glia and neurons Glia - ✔✔-Cells that out number neurons, cannot process information like neurons, make ...

LCDC EXAM STUDY Questions and answers, 100%Accurate, rated A Two main types of cells in the nervous system - ✔✔-glia and neurons Glia - ✔✔-Cells that out number neurons, cannot process information like neurons, make up the blood brain barrier that protects the brain from toxic chemicals in the blood Nervous system - ✔✔-Consists of neurons, axons and receptors Receptors - ✔✔-Proteins that help regulate activity of cells in the nervous system. Activation of receptors by neurotransmitters cause a change in activity of the target cell and many of the effects of psychoactive drugs are due to the ability to alter neurotransmitters. Neurons - ✔✔-basic structural unit of the nervous system responsible for analyzing and transmitting information. There are more than 100 billion neurons in the nervous system Synapse - ✔✔-Typical point of communication, gap between neurons is called the synaptic cleft. Two types of synapses - ✔✔-Excitatory and inhibitory synapse. The receiving region is called the dendrite Effects on receptors - ✔✔-Can be agonistic or antagonistic Agonistic drugst - ✔✔-interact with the receptor and produce a response, agonist (a substance that fully activates the neuronal receptor that it attaches to) Imitates the action of neurotransmitter, is the use of a (usually) long-acting medication that stimulates the same brain receptors as the drug of addiction. The most obvious example is opioid agonist therapy for opioid addiction using methadone or buprenorphine. An agonist is a drug that activates certain receptors in the brain. Full agonist opioids activate the opioid receptors in the brain fully resulting in the full opioid effect. Examples of full agonists are heroin, oxycodone, methadone, hydrocodone, morphine, opium and others. Buprenorphine is a partial agonist meaning, it activates the opioid receptors in the brain, but to a much lesser degree than a full agonist. A pure opioid antagonist used in medicine is naloxone (not to be confused with naltrexone). Antagonisitic - ✔✔-Drugs interact with the receptor but prevent a response, agonist drugs which bind to the neurotransmitters in the brain, antagonist drugs do the opposite: they block the brain's neurotransmitters. The action of neurotransmitter is obstructed. Buprenorphine also acts as an antagonist, meaning it blocks other opioids, while allowing for some opioid effect of its own to suppress withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Agonist-antagonist opioids - ✔✔-In pharmacology the term agonist-antagonist is used to refer to a drug which exhibits some properties of an agonist (a substance that fully activates the neuronal receptor that it attaches to) and some properties of an antagonist (a substance that attaches to a receptor but does not activate it or if it displaces an agonist at that receptor it seemingly deactivates it thereby reversing the effect of the agonist). Agonist-antagonist opioids[edit] The best known agonist-antagonists are opioids. Examples of such opioids are: buprenorphine[1] (Suboxone, Subutex) pentazocine butorphanol nalbuphine Naloxone (Narcan) - ✔✔-opioid antagonists that is a short acting drug which will bring a patient out of an opiate overdose by stripping the opiate from the opiate receptor and is a life saving drug. Naltrexone, - ✔✔-opioid antagonists that is a short acting opiate/alcohol blocking agent has been used for the last 30 years. Naltrexone blocks the pharmacological effects of 25 mg / in the introduction of heroin for 24 hours, a double dose (100 mg) acts within 48 hours, and 150 mg will affect during for 3 days. Long-term appointment does not cause tolerance and dependence. To cut the long story short, when comparing Naltrexone vs Naloxone it is obvious that Naltrexone is stronger for alcohol dependence but Naloxone acts faster and remains longer. Acetylcholine (ACH), epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and endorphins - ✔✔-Neurotransmitters most likely altered by drug abuse Somatic Nervous System - ✔✔-Carries sensory information from outside the body into the CNS and motor information out. Automatic nervous system (ANS) - ✔✔-cell bodies are located within the brain or spinal cord but their axons project outside the CNS to involuntary muscles. Automatic nervous system has two componenets - ✔✔-These componenents contest with each other: sympathatheic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest and digest). Sympathetic System - ✔✔-speeds up hear and breathing rates is vasoconstrictor amphetamine (Benzedrine) benzylpiperazine (BZP) cathine (found in Catha edulis) cathinone (found in Catha edulis, khat) cocaine (found in Erythroxylum coca, coca) ephedrine (found in Ephedra) lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) maprotiline (Ludiomil) MDMA (Ecstasy, Molly) methamphetamine (Meth, Crank, Desoxyn) methcathinone methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) methylphenidate (Ritalin) 4-methylaminorex oxymetazoline (Afrin, Vicks Sinex) pemoline (Cylert) phenmetrazine (Preludin) propylhexedrine (Benzedrex) pseudoephedrine (Sudafed, SudoGest, also found in Ephedra species) GABA - ✔✔-inhibitory neurotransmitter, sedatives are dependent upon their binding to the GABA receptors (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is very widely distributed in the neurons of the cortex. GABA contributes to motor control, vision, and many other cortical functions. It also regulates anxiety. Depressants - ✔✔-Depressants/sedative-hypnotics (central nervous system depressants). Drugs in this class slow/depress the activity of the central nervous system. Examples of drugs in this classification include, but are not limited to, alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates. They are usually taken orally. The desired effects are a reduction of anxiety with possible elation secondary to decreased alertness and judgment. Other acute effects include sedation, impaired judgment, impaired ability to operate vehicles or machinery, or respiratory and cardiac depression with overdose. The action of sedative-hypnotics is a depression of the activity at all excitable tissues; in general, it binds to GABA (inhibitory) receptors resulting in sedation Stimulants - ✔✔-Drugs in this class increase central nervous system activity. This classification includes cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines, and methylphenidate (Ritalin). Routes of administration vary, powered cocaine is snorted intranasally, can be liquified and injected intravenously, or it can be smoked as freebase or, more often, as crack. Amphetamines can be taken orally, injected intravenously, or smoked. Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is taken orall Hallucinogens/dissociatives. - ✔✔-These drugs change sensory perception and have the ability to alter reality and produce hallucination-like effects. This classification includes naturally occurring and synthetically prepared drugs that include LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, psilocin, MDMA (ecstasy), PCP, and ketamine MDMA effects - ✔✔-can include nausea, clenching of the jaw and teeth, muscle tension, blurred vision, panic attacks, confusion, depression, anxiety, paranoid psychosis, increased body temperature, and cardiac arrest . Acts on several different neurotransmitter sites to produce effects like LSD hallucinations and amphetamine-like arousal LSD - ✔✔-can include panic attacks, increased blood pressure, heart palpitations, tremors, nausea, muscle weakness, increased body temperature, ataxia, and in some cases accidental death is structurally related to serotonin and many of the behavioral effects are probably related to their binding to the serotonin receptors. PCP - ✔✔-can include psychotic reactions, bizarre behavior, outbursts of hostility and violence, and feelings of severe anxiety, doom, or impending death Ketamine - ✔✔-can include a frightening experience of complete sensory detachment, explained as a near-death experience, paranoia, boredom, and possible coma Cannabinoids/cannabinols - ✔✔-his category includes marijuana, hashish, and THC. The usual route of administration is smoking or oral. Its usual length of action 78 from smoking is 2 to 4 hours and through oral means is 5 to 12 hours. The desired effects are a sense of relaxation and well-being, euphoria, detachment, altered level of consciousness, altered perceptions, altered sense of time, and possible sexual arousal Effects of cannabinoid use - ✔✔-re slowed reaction time, altered perceptions, panic, anxiety, nausea, dizziness, depersonalization, paranoid thoughts, and trouble expressing thoughts. The effects are believed to be caused by the binding of the drug at specific THC receptor sites in the brain. Intoxication may cause increases in respiration and heart rate and a slight increase in body temperature. Upon examination, the users may exhibit red eyes, mild dilation of pupils, mild tremors, decreased coordination, decreased strength, less ability to perform complex motor tasks, and dry mouth. Mentally, the user may express feelings of depersonalization, an alteration in mood, disorganization, anxiety, panic, problems with memory, paranoid thoughts, and possible hallucinations Long-term, chronic canabinoid use - ✔✔-can lead to problems such as dependence, panic, anxiety, paranoid thoughts, etc. They may also include respiratory problems, the possibility of an impaired immune system, possible reproductive problems, including low birth weight infants, and amotivational syndrome. Withdrawal usually consists of cravings, anxiety, irritability, nausea, anorexia, agitation, restlessness, tremors, and depression Inhalants - ✔✔-These drugs consist mainly of chemicals that can be legally purchased and that are normally used for nonrecreational purposes. These include industrial solvents and aerosol sprays that include, but are not limited to, gasoline, kerosene, airplane glue, lacquer thinner, acetone, nail polish remover, lighter fluid, metallic paints, and typewriter correction fluids. Also included are amyl, butyl and isobutyl nitrite, and nitrous oxide gas Inhalants effects - ✔✔-Inhalants reduce inhibition and produce euphoria, dizziness, slurred speech, an unsteady gait, and drowsiness. Nystagmus, the constant involuntary movement of the eyes, may be noted. The nitrites alter consciousness and enhance sexual pleasure. The individual may experience giddiness, headaches, and a sense that the user is about to pass out.An overdose of these substances may produce hallucinations, muscle spasms, headaches, dizziness, loss of balance, irregular heartbeat, and coma from lack of oxygen Inhalants other effects - ✔✔-An overdose of these substances may produce hallucinations, muscle spasms, headaches, dizziness, loss of balance, irregular heartbeat, and coma from lack of oxygen . Tolerance does not seem to develop with inhalants with the exception of nitrous oxide for which tolerance can develop. There does not seem to be withdrawal symptoms from these substances, which indicate there is not physical dependence. The critical acute effect of inhalants results from the method of administration, which can result in loss of consciousness, coma, or death from lack of oxygen. Respiratory arrest, cardiac arrhythmia, or asphyxiation may occur. Many of these substances are highly toxic, and chronic use may cause damage to the liver, kidneys, brain, and lungs. Anabolic steroids - ✔✔-Anabolic steroids are synthetic illicit drugs that are used to increase muscle mass and improve athletic performance. These drugs resemble the male sex hormone, testosterone. Some anabolic steroids are approved for medical use and are classified as schedule III drugs. Drugs in this classification include Depo-Testosterone, Durabolin, Danocrine, and Halotestin. Some anabolic steroids used for veterinary medicine are illicitly sold for human use and may be sold legally outside of the United States Effects of steroids - ✔✔-Anabolic steroids are either injected or taken orally. Combining oral and injectable steroids is known as "stacking". These drugs increase muscle strength, reduce body mass, and increase aggressiveness, competitiveness, and combativeness there is no immediate danger of death or serious medical problems from high dosage levels of anabolic steroids; there are serious complications from long-term use. There is no evidence that one can develop tolerance to anabolic steroids. Physical and psychological dependence on anabolic steroids does occur, and there are withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms include depression, fatigue, restlessness, insomnia, loss of appetite, and decreased interest in sex. Some of the acute and chronic effects of anabolic steroids on males include atrophy of testicles, impaired production of sperm, infertility, early baldness, acne, and enlargement of the breasts. For females, there are masculizing effects including increased facial and body hair, lowered voice, and irregular or the stopping of the menstrual cycle. There is an increased risk of coronary artery disease. Anabolic steroids may cause jaundice and liver tumors. Mood swings with periods of unreasonable and uncontrolled anger and violence may be noted Ethics - ✔✔-Ethics are the rules of conduct recognized in a particular profession, the shared standards of what is good practice. Note that the ethicalness and the legality of an action are two different things, and occasionally they are in conflict. Ethical codes delineate mandatory ethics, the minimal standard of conduct that is acceptable. Ideally, counselors practice aspirational ethics, which focus on the spirit behind the code. For example, mandatory ethics permit a counselor to have a romantic relationship with a former client 2 years after the client's treatment ends. Aspirational ethics suggest that doing so even after 2 years is inadvisable. Decision-making Models - ✔✔-Decision-making models provide a framework for systematically choosing a course of action when ethical codes do not specify how to act in a particular situation. The steps of one decision-making model are identify the problem, review the code of ethics and relevant laws, consult with another professional, consider possible courses of action and their consequences, choose a course of action, and evaluate the results Fundamental Ethical Principles - ✔✔-Autonomy. Respect the client's independence and selfdetermination. Nonmaleficence. Do not harm the client. Beneficence. Provide benefit for the client. Justice. Be fair to the client. Fidelity. Be faithful to the client. Veracity. Be truthful with the client. The NAADAC Principles - ✔✔-The National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors (NAADAC) is a professional association that offers certification in substance abuse counseling. The principles (NAADAC, 1995) address nondiscrimination, responsibility, competence, legal and moral standards, public statements, publication credit, client welfare, confidentiality, client relationships, interprofessional relationships, remuneration, and societal obligations. Ethical Standards - ✔✔-The ethical standards for LCDCs appear in the Texas Administrative Code and as LCDC Rule 150.121. The ethical standards address these important topics: applicants and licensed counselors' responsibility to comply with the standards, nondiscrimination, maintaining high quality service to clients, protecting the profession from unqualified or unethical persons, counselor sobriety, upholding the law and conducting oneself in a professional manner, documentation, publication credit, client welfare, privacy and confidentiality, dual relationships, relationships with other professionals, and fees. Actions against a license for violating the ethical standards are described in LCDC Rule 150.122. They include refusal to issue or renew a license, suspension or revocation of a license, placing a counselor on probation if the counselor's license has been suspended, and reprimand of a license holder. 42 CFR - ✔✔-refers specifically to information that can be used to identify a person as an alcohol or drug abuser, or the recipient of a substance related diagnosis, referral, or treatment. Federal law (42 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 2) prohibits counselors from divulging the fact that someone is in treatment or any details of their treatment without the client's written consent, when the client is in a clear state of mind. This applies to former clients, deceased clients, and those who merely applied to a treatment program but never attended. HIPAA - ✔✔-covers all personal health information that can be used to identify an individual. Exceptions to confidentiality - ✔✔-Confidentiality is not absolute; there are circumstances in which releases of information are not required to disclose client information. Clients should be told of these circumstances as part of the process of securing their informed consent for treatment. In every case, only the information required by law is to be disclosed. Some exceptions include instances in which information necessary to provide services may be shared among staff of a program, reporting child abuse or neglect (Public Law 99-401), threatening to harm another person, threatening suicide, committing or threatening a crime on program property or against program staff, medical emergencies, elder abuse, and court orders. Privilege - ✔✔-a legal concept that refers to a client's right to keep confidential information out of legal proceedings. Technically, the client holds the privilege, so counselors may not disclose information in legal proceedings unless the client waives privilege or certain other conditions, which vary from State to State, are met. Informed consent and releases of information - ✔✔-Client consents to release information about their treatment must contain certain specific information. This includes, but is not limited to, the purpose of the disclosure, the person to receive the disclosed information, and the date or condition under which the consent will expire. The consent may be revoked in writing or verbally, at the client's discretion. Counselors have to obtain consent from minor clients before releasing information. By law, releases of information must include a statement that the recipient of the disclosure cannot make subsequent disclosures unless federal regulations permit them to do so. Duty to warn - ✔✔-a client threatens to harm another person who is reasonably identifiable, the counselor has a duty to warn the appropriate authorities of that threat. In Texas, counselors do not have a duty to warn the intended victim. In some States, cou