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MIC 201 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE 2023 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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MIC 201 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE 2023 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Introduction to Plasmodium, the cause of Malaria • Malaria ◦ 219 million carriers ◦ 435,000 deaths/year ‣ Subsahara africa ‣ Mostl... y children killed ‣ experts think malaria has killed most people because its been around the longest • Plasmodium spp. ◦ Microbe ‣ Size 1-80um (depending on stage) ‣ Bigger than virus (HIV 120nm = .12um) ‣ Smaller than bacteria at beginning (M. TB 2 um) , but later its possibly 40 x bigger ◦ 3 essential locations ‣ Liver ‣ Blood cells ‣ Mosquitos • Prokaryote (bacterium) vs Eukaryote ◦ Prokaryote dont have membraned inner compartments ◦ Plasmodium ssp is eukaryote like humans ◦ Plasmodium falciparum ‣ 14 chromosomes ‣ 2.3 x 10^7 base pairs ‣ 5,300 genes • A complicated microbe ◦ Blood stages: disease symptoms ‣ Merozoites = tiniest form of plasmodium • Infect red blood cells, makes more of itself • Eventually red blood cell explodes and lets of tons of merozoites • Sometimes, instead of making more merozoites in RBC, it follows RBC to bone marrow and transforms to female or male gametocyte ◦ Mosquito: transmission and meiosis ‣ If mosquito takes up male and female gametocyte, gametocytes reproduce and form zygote-> oocyst -> salivary glands of mosquito ◦ Liver stages: transition between mosquito and blood forms ‣ Mosquito bites new individual ‣ Oocysts released and form sporozoites ‣ Sporozoites into liver, transformed to hepatocyte ‣ Hepatocyte back to merozoites, merozoites back to blood stream into RBCs • Plasmodium= single cell organism , but transforms into different forms • A successful strategy: almost every animal has their own version of plasmodium infecting them • Merozoites ◦ Merogony = form of asexual reproduction whereby a parasitic protozoan replicates its own nucleus inside its host's cells and then induces cell segmentation; schizogony ◦ Merozoites invading, growing, and then getting out of the RBC ‣ Merozoite attachment ‣ Reorientation and junction formation • Invades by creating a tight junction between merozoite ligand and RBC receptor ‣ Invasion ‣ Membrane resealing and echinocytosis ◦ Instead of making more merozoites, a merozoite can differentiate into a 'sex cell', the gametocyte ‣ Macro gametocytes = female ‣ Micro gametocytes = male ◦ Striking the balance between aasexual reproduction and transmission ‣ Must maintain itself, but also produce gametocytes inorder to transmit to new host • If all merozoites transformed to gametocytes, and host was not bitten by mosquito, no [Show More]

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