ABAT EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY PASSED

ABAT EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY PASSED What is autism? ✔✔A developmental disorder of variable severity that is characterized by difficulty in social interaction and communication and by restricted or repe ...

ABAT EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ALREADY PASSED What is autism? ✔✔A developmental disorder of variable severity that is characterized by difficulty in social interaction and communication and by restricted or repetitive patterns of thought and behavior -autism as a spectrum disorder with a triad of primary impairments What are the triad of impairments? ✔✔1. Social 2. Communication 3. Restrictive/Repetitive Behavior What are common characteristics of social/communication? ✔✔-intrusive touching -all "businesss talk" (taking things seriously and can not catch on social queues in a way/ how Chloe acts) -lack of eye contact -limited facial expressions -does not play with others -does not initiate conversation -abnormal volume of voice What are common characteristics of restrictive/repetitive behaviors? ✔✔-repetition of words/rate of language -rigid adherence (no budging) -repetitive behavior hand flipping ( stim) -spinning (stim) -teeth grinding -atypical sensory behavior to texture/smell/sound/5 senses What are the 5 disorders that make up ASD? ✔✔1. Autistic Disorder - also known as causal autism 2. Aspergers Syndrome 3. Pervasive Developmental Disorder - also known as PDD-NOS 4. Rett's Syndrome 5. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder - also known as CDD Social and Emotional Interaction issues ✔✔- standing too close to people -unaware of different ways of interacting with others -has desire to have friends and relationships but struggles to initiate and maintain these Imagination and Flexibility of Thought issues ✔✔- does not understand others points of view or feelings -takes everything literally -agitated by change in routine Social communication and Language issues ✔✔- asks repetitive questions - cannot read between the lines of what people mean - communicates for own needs rather than for 'social' engagement - makes factual comments inappropriate to the context Terminology associated with diagnosis ✔✔-pragmatic language -receptive and expressive language -sensory motor -social skills -joint attention -stereotypy What is Comorbidity? ✔✔Children with ASD may also have other medical or psychiatric conditions What are common conditions that might be diagnosed with children with ASD? (Comorbid disorders) ✔✔- anxiety - ADHD - Bipolar disorder - Clinical Depression - Down Syndrome - Fragile X syndrome - Gastrointestinal Symptoms - Intellectual disability and developmental delays - Motor difficulties - OCD - Seizures and epilepsy - Tourette syndrome - Tuberous Sclerosis What is Asperger Syndrome? ✔✔- high functioning autism - have difficulty interacting socially -exhibit a restrictive range of interests / repetitive behavior - motor development may be delayed causing clumsiness or uncoordinated motor movements What is joint attention? ✔✔Occurs when two people share interests in an object -when the child points to something, not because they want it, but to show it to someone for a social purpose -child can respond to someone initiating the joint attention or they can initiate it EXAMPLE: pointing to a toy, bringing attention to something What is HYPERsensitivity? ✔✔-over reactivity to sensory input -being overwhelmed by a stimulus that most people would consider normal or common EXAMPLE: whenever the phone rings, a child with hypersensitivity might close their ears shut because they are sensitive to the noise What is HYPOsensitivity? ✔✔- under reactivity to sensory input - brain does not register incoming stimuli appropriately so the child is not as affected by the stimuli EXAMPLE: child spinning constantly and never appears to be dizzy What is serial memory processing? ✔✔-the act of attending to and processing one item at a time - information is sequential or in stages -similar to DTT EXAMPLE: when teaching a kid about coins, you introduce each coin individually What is parallel memory processing? ✔✔-the act of attending to and processing all items simultaneously —knowing your color, motion, shape, and depth -similar to PRT What are the functions of behaviors? ✔✔1. SELF STIMULATORY : the individual behaves in a specific way because it feels good to them 2. ESCAPE/AVOIDANCE : the individual engages in a behavior to get out of doing something he/she does not want to do 3. ATTENTION SEEKING : the individual engages in a behavior to get focuses attention from parents, teachers, siblings, or peers 4. TANGIBLES (ACCESS/TARGETING) : individual engages in a hagiography in order to get a highly preferred item or participate in a highly preferred activity What is the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)? ✔✔- GOAL : to provide students with disabilities the same opportunity for education as those students who do not have a disability; providing free appropriate public education (FAPE) with no cost and Special Education specifically designed to meet the needs of the students unique needs What is Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)? ✔✔-part of IDEA -states that children who receive special education, should learn in a least restrictive environment -children should get to spend as much time as possible in the general education classroom with other children who are not in special education What is an Individual Education Plan (IEP)? ✔✔- a written legal document that is tailored to a public school child who qualifies for special education - describes how the students learns, how the student best demonstrates that learning and what teachers and service providers will do to help the student learn more effectively -intended to help children reach educational goals more easily than they otherwise would What is Desired Results Developmental Profile (DRDP)? ✔✔- an assessment instrument designed for teachers to observe, document, and reflect on learning, development and progress of children birth - 12 years of age, who are enrolled in early care and education programs and before and after school programs The four goals of DRDP ✔✔1. Children are personally and socially competent 2. Children are effective learners 3. Children show physical and motor competence 4. Children are safe and healthy What is Functional Performance Assessment (FBA)? ✔✔- used as part Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) - designed to help healthcare professionals uncover the function of behavior which then guides the development and selection of appropriate treatment What does a FBA do? ✔✔- enables a hypothesis about relations between the environment and the problem behavior - gathers information about the function of the behavior - identifies reinforcers that maintain the behavior and uses this information as a basis for intervention efforts - fosters proactive, positive autism interventions What is Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)? ✔✔- ABA is the science in which the principles of the analysis of behavior are applied systematically to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for behavior change - a way to teach, manage and reduce behaviors - GOAL : to directly observe, measure, and analyze the relations between environment and behavior What are the 6 key components of ABA? ✔✔1. ABA is guided by the attitudes and methods of scientific inquiry 2. All procedures are described and implemented in a systematic, technological manner 3. Not all means of changing behavior qualify as ABA; only those derived from the basic principles of behavior 4. Focus on socially significant behavior 5. Meaningful improvement in important behavior 6. Analyze the factors responsible for improvement What is Pairing? ✔✔- the first component to good teaching is that the individual must associate you with good things happening - pairing yourself of associating yourself with reinforcers is highly important - pairing turns you into the reinforcers and provides increased compliance and instructional control - pairing is essential in developing a fun working relationship with clients What does A-B-C mean? ✔✔Antecedents Behavior Consequence What are Antecedents? ✔✔- proactive - are events or environments that TRIGGER behavior - this occurs BEFORE the behavior - who what where when What is Behavior? ✔✔- is an action that is both observable and measurable - described in a way an outside observe can easily identify the action - it occurs as a result of the antecedent What is the Consequence? ✔✔- reactive - is the response to the consumers behavior that will either strengthen or weakening the future likelihood of the consumer engaging in the same behavior in the future What is Motivating Operation? ✔✔- motivating operations are environmental variables that : 1. Alter the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer 2. Alter the current frequency of all behavior that has been reinforced by the stimulus, object or event What are the effects of Motivating Operation? ✔✔- affects how much you want something - affects what you will do to get it What is negative reinforcement? ✔✔- the removal of an aversive stimulus or negative outcome in which the response or behavior is strengthened by stopping or removing it What is positive reinforcement? ✔✔- the addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely the behavior will occur again What is positive punishment? ✔✔- this works by presenting (adding) a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future What is negative punishment? ✔✔- taking something good (removing) or desirable way after an undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to occur again What are primary reinforcements? ✔✔- unconditioned reinforcers - biological - food, water, shelter, warmth, and pleasure - does not need a history of conditioning (unlearned) What are secondary reinforcements? ✔✔- conditioned reinforcers - learned - acquire their power via a history of association with primary reinforcers -candy, bubbles, stickers, socialization, money What is Contingent Reinforcement? ✔✔- is simply using reinforcers dependent on a specific behavior - exercise discretion and guidance in reinforcing a certain beneficial behavior and to avoid providing reinforcement for undesirable behaviors What is Differential Reinforcement? ✔✔- the implementation of reinforcing only the appropriate response (or behavior you wish to increase) and applying extinction to all other responses Example of Differential Reinforcement of Alternative Behavior (DRA) ✔✔Manding instead of aggression Example of Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behavior (DRI) ✔✔Squeezing a stress ball instead of hand flapping Example of Differential Reinforcement of Other Behavior (DRO) ✔✔Rewarding anything other than the desirable behavior Example of Differential Reinforcement High Rate behavior (DRH) ✔✔-Used to increase a behavior - reinforcing only when child mands more times than usual Example of Differential Reinforcement Low Rate behavior (DRL) ✔✔Only reinforcing the behavior when it is done less, do not want to eliminate behavior, just decrease occurrences What is Schedules of Reinforcement? ✔✔The response requirements that determine when reinforcement will be delivered. What is noncontingent reinforcement? ✔✔Involves giving the student access to a reinforcer frequently enough that they are no longer motivated to exhibit disruptive behavior to obtain the same reinforcer (adults will satiate the child with attention so they do not seek it using inappropriate behaviors) What is Deprivation? ✔✔The absence or reduction of a reinforcer for a period of time in order to increase the effectiveness of the reinforcer and the rate of behavior that produced that reinforcer in the past What is Satiation? ✔✔A decrease in the frequency of behavior presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed that behavior What is Extinction? ✔✔When reinforcement that is provided for problem behavior (often unintentionally) is discontinued in order to decrease or eliminate occurrences of these type negative behaviors What is Extinction Burst? ✔✔A procedure in which reinforcement that is provided for problem behavior (often unintentionally) is discontinued in order to decrease or eliminate occurrences of these types of negative (or problem) behaviors What is Discriminate Stimulus? ✔✔An environmental cue or instructions that signals that reinforcement is available for a target behavior What is Behavior Modification? ✔✔-techniques used to decrease or increase a particular type of behavior or reaction -this is done by replacing undesirable behaviors with more desirable ones through positive or negative reinforcement What is target behavior? ✔✔-behavior chosen to be changed -must be measurable and observable -objective What is Task Analysis? ✔✔- a task analysis is used to break down complex tasks into a sequence of smaller steps or actions What are the four types of task analysis chasing procedures? ✔✔1. FORWARD CHAINING - involves teaching the sequence beginning with the first step - typically does not move on until first step is mastered - learns task from beginning to end 2. TOTAL TASK CHAINING - entire skill is taught and support is provided or accommodations made for steps that are problematic -the consumer is able to learn the entire routine without interruptions 3. BACKWARD CHAINING - involves the sequence is taught beginning with the last step - the previous step is not taught until the final step is learned - consumer immediately understands benefit of task - basically opposite of forward chaining 4. BACKWARD CHAINING WITH LEAP AHEAD - involves the sequence is taught beginning with the last step -steps can be leaped ahead if consumer knows the skills What is shaping? ✔✔-Shaping is a way of adding behaviors to a persons repertoire -what is reinforced is some approximation of the target behavior What are Prompts? ✔✔Assisting the consumer to perform a desired behavior by presenting a prompt (any form of assistance) The 5 types of prompts ✔✔1. Physical ( full, partial. Minimal) 2. Model 3. Gestural 4. Positional 5. Verbal (direct or indirect) Prompts are. A useful tool but its important to fade prompts so consumer does not become prompt dependent What is Discrete Trial Training? ✔✔- highly structured systematic way of teaching discrete skills - operates on a strict routine that focuses on developing one skill until mastered - steps in DTT include : 1. Antecedent 2. Prompt response 3. Consequence for the response (correct of incorrect) 4. Interval between trials What is Pivotal Response Treatment? ✔✔- play based and child initiated - aims to provide opportunities for learning within the context of the child's natural environment -GOAL : to increase motivation to have positive effects on an individuals learning What are measurement procedures? ✔✔- count/frequency -duration - response latency - event recording - time sampling - interval recording What is Fixed -Ratio? ✔✔Reinforcement only occurs after fixed number of responses (consistent) What is Fixed-Interval? ✔✔Reinforcement occurs after a consistent amount of time What is Variable - Ratio? ✔✔Reinforcement is delivered on average number of correct responses - number varies What is Variable - Interval? ✔✔Responses are reinforced after a variable amount of time has passed