2020 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HESI RN QUESTIONS and ANSWERS

Following routine colonoscopy screening, a client is told that he had several polyps removed. The client began crying stating, “I just can't deal with cancer. I'm too young.” The nurse responds:A) “Don't worry. We hav ...

Following routine colonoscopy screening, a client is told that he had several polyps removed. The client began crying stating, “I just can't deal with cancer. I'm too young.” The nurse responds:A) “Don't worry. We have some great cancer doctors on staff. I'm sure chemo will help you fight it.”B) “Maybe if you're lucky, they have stopped it from metastasizing to your liver.”C) “A simple intestinalsurgery will cure you.”D) “Most colon polyps are not cancerous. The biopsy results will direct your care.”Ans: D Feedback:A polyp is a growth that projects from a mucosal surface, such as the intestine. Although the term usually implies a benign neoplasm, some malignant tumors also appear as polyps. Adenomatous polyps are considered precursors to adenocarcinomas of the colon. 2. A lung biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging have confirmed the presence of a benign lung tumor in a client. Which of the following characteristics is associated with this client's neoplasm?A) The tumor will grow by expansion and is likely encapsulated.B) The cells that constitute the tumor are undifferentiated, with atypicalstructure.C) If left untreated, the client's tumor islikely to metastasize.D) The tumor is likely to infiltrate the lung tissue that presently surrounds it.Ans: A Feedback: Benign neoplasms typically grow by expansion rather than invasion. As well, they are usually contained within a fibrous capsule. Malignant tumors are associated with undifferentiated cells, metastasis, and infiltration of surrounding tissue. 3. A newly diagnosed lung cancer client asks how his tumor spread (metastasized) so fast without displaying many signs/symptoms. The nurse responds that malignant tumors affect area tissues by:A) Increasing tissue blood flowB) Providing essential nutrientsC) Liberating enzymes and toxinsD) Forming fibrous membranesAns: C Feedback: Malignant tumors affect area tissues by liberating enzymes and toxins that destroy tumor tissue and normal tissue. In addition, the malignant cells compress area vessels, causing ischemia and tissue necrosis. The high metabolic rate of tumor growth causes the tumor to deprive the normal tissues of essential nutrients. 2020 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HESI RN QUESTIONS and ANSWERS 4. A client had a positive Pap smear. The surgeon diagnosed“cancer in situ of the cervix.” The client asks, “What does this mean?” From the following statements, which is most appropriatein response to this question? The tumor has:A) Been walled off within a strong fibrous capsuleB) Developed a distant infiltrationC) Not crossed the basement membrane, so it canbe surgically removed with little chance of growing backD) Grown undifferentiated cellsthat no longer look like thetissue from which it aroseAns: C Feedback: Cancer in situ is a localized preinvasive lesion. As an example, in breast ductal carcinoma, in situ the cells have not crossed the basement membrane. Depending on its location, an insitu lesion usually can be removed surgically or treated so that thechances of recurrence are small. For example, cancer in situ of thecervix is essentially 100% curable. 5. While studying to become chemo-certified, the nurse reviews some basic concepts about cancer cells. When a client asksabout why the tumor grows so fast, the nurse will respond based on which of the following physiological principles? Select all that apply.A) Cancer cells have shorter cell cycle times than normal cells.B) Cancer cells do not die when they are programmed to die.C) Growth factors prevents cancer cells from entering resting (G0) cell cycle phase.D) Cancer cells will reach a balance between cell birth and cell death rate.E) Cancer cells never reach a flattened growth rate.Ans: B, C Feedback: One of the reasons cancerous tumors oftenseem to grow so rapidly relates to the size of the cell pool that is actively engaged in cycling. It has been shown that the cell cycle time of cancerous tissue cells is not necessarily shorter than that ofnormal cells. Rather, cancer cells do not die on schedule, and growth factors prevent cells from exiting the cell cycle and enteringthe G0 or noncycling phase. The ratio of dividing cells to resting cells in a tissue mass is called the growth fraction. The doubling time is the length of time it takes for the total mass of cells in a tumor to double. As the growth fraction increases, the doubling time decreases. When normal tissues reach their adult size, an equilibrium between cell birth and cell death is reached. Cancer cells, however, continue to divide until limitations in blood supply and nutrients inhibit their growth. When this occurs, the doubling time for cancer cells decreases. The initial growth rate is exponential and then tends to decrease or flatten out over time. 6. Although growth rate is variable among types of bacteria,the growth of bacteria is dependent on:A) Biofilm communicationB) Availability of nutrientsC) An intact protein capsidD) Individual cell motilityAns: B Feedback: Bacterial growth is dependent upon the availability of nutrients and physical growth conditions. Bacteria prefer to colonize as biofilm and communicate with other bacteria within the biofilm, but biofilm is not necessary for growth. Viruses (not bacteria) form a capsid. Although some bacteria have projections for motility, these are not necessary for growth. 2020 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HESI RN QUESTIONS and ANSWERS 7. Which of the following outpatients are at a greater risk for developing Treponema pallidum, the cause of syphilis? Select all that apply. A) A homeless adolescent female performing oral sex for money B) A male who frequents clubs catering to exotic dancers and sexual favors C) A homosexual male couple who have had a monogamous relationship for the past 20 years D) An older adult female living in a condominium who regularly has sex with three to four different men/week Ans: A, B, D Feedback: Treponema pallidum is a sexually transmitted infection that is spread by direct physical contact. The Borrelia type of spirochete is spread from animals to humans through lice or tick bites. Leptospira spirochetes spread from animals to humans through contact with infected animal urine. Spirochetes are anaerobic; therefore, they would not invade the host through oxygen-filled aerobic lungs. 8. Chlamydiaceae have characteristics of both viruses and bacteria and are a rather common sexually transmitted infectious organism. After entry into the host, they transform into a reticulate body. The health care provider should monitor which of the following clients for this possible infection? Select all that apply. A) An adult male who raises a number of exotic birds in his home B) A drug abuser looking to share needles/syringes C) A newborn with a noticeable eye infection D) A teenager who swims in the lake regularly Ans: A, B, C Feedback: Chlamydiaceae are in the form of an elementary body when infectious and outside of the host cell. Once an organism enters the cell, it transforms into a large reticulate body. This undergoes active replication into multiple elementary bodies, which are then shed into the extracellular environment to initiate another infectious cycle. Chlamydial diseases of humans include sexually transmitted genital infections (Chlamydophila trachomatis); ocular infections and pneumonia of newborns (C. trachomatis); upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children, adolescents, and young adults (Chlamydophilapneumoniae); and respiratory disease acquired from infected birds (Chlamydophilapsittaci). 2020 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY HESI RN QUESTIONS and ANSWERS 9. A client has been diagnosed with Coxiellaburnetii infection. She asked the health care provider how she could havegotten this disease. The health care provider's best response is: A) “Probably while walking outside without your shoes on.” B) “While swimming in an unsanitary pond.” C) “Drinking contaminated milk.” D) “Eating undercooked fish.” Ans: C Feedbac k: In humans, Coxiella infection produces a disease called Q fever, characterized by a nonspecific febrile illness often accompanied by headache, chills, arthralgias, and mild pneumonia. The organism produces a highly resistant sporelike stage that is transmitted to humans when contaminated animal tissue is aerosolized (e.g., during meat processing) or by ingestion of contaminated milk. 10. A teenage male develops a severe case of “athlete's foot.”He asks, “How did I get this?” The health care worker explains that certain fungi become infectious (called dermatophytes) and exhibitwhich of the following characteristics? A) Prefer to grow in warm environmentslike shoes/socks B) Like a moist environment C) Limited to cooler cutaneous surfaces D) Need higher blood flow to surviveAns: C Feedback: Dermatophytes are not able to grow at core body temperature, preferring the cooler surface skin areasinstead ofmoist skin folds. Diseases caused by these organisms, includingringworm, athlete's foot, and jock itch, are collectively called superficial mycoses.