Synergistic effects
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example, 1 + 1 i
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Synergistic effects
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example, 1 + 1 is greater than 2 (compare with additive effects)
Agonistic effects
A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body.
Antagonistic effects
Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone (1 + 1 equals less than 2); it is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another.
Tolerance vs. Addiction
Tolerance
is a decreasing response to repeated drug doses
Addiction
involves the recreational use of various drugs such as benzodiazepines, opioids, and amphetamines.
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. It can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to something you're allergic to, such as a peanut or the venom from a bee sting.
Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis include a rapid, weak pulse, a skin rash, and nausea and vomiting.
Common triggers of anaphylaxis include certain foods, some medications, insect venom and latex.
Anaphylaxis requires an immediate trip to the emergency department and an injection of epinephrine. If anaphylaxis isn't treated right away, it can lead to unconsciousness or even death.
Adverse Effects vs. Side Effects
Side effects are symptoms shown by patients after consuming a drug that are undesirable. These side effects are a natural consequence of the drug, and a doctor is aware of all of them. Mostly side effects are transient in nature and go away in a few days of continuing with the medication. However, some of the side effects may be serious for the patient requiring doctor to lower the drug dosage.
Adverse effects are those side effects that are of a serious nature and may even be life threatening for the patient. Patients may need hospitalization and discontinuation of the drug when they show up these adverse effects.
Opioids/Pain Management
Oxycodone hydrochloride is an analgesic drug that is structurally related to morphine and has comparable analgesic activity (Schedule II).
It is also commonly combined in tablets with acetaminophen (Percocet) and with aspirin (Percodan).
Oxycodone is also available in immediate-release formulations (Oxy IR) and sustained-released formulations (OxyContin).
A somewhat weaker but commonly used opioid is hydrocodone (Schedule III), which is available only in tablet form, most commonly in combination with acetaminophen (Vicodin) but also with aspirin and ibuprofen.
It is available only for oral use.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
Examples
tramadol (Ultram)
acetaminophen (Tylenol)
No anti-inflammatory property
DosageStandard = 4000 mg/24 hours for adults
Overdose (acute with 150 mg/kg or more leads to liver necrosis)
abdominal pain, diarrhea, sweating, vomiting, and cramping; can cause permanent liver damage
Antidote: acetylcysteine (Mucomyst [tastes and smells bad], Acetadote [IV])
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