NR509 MID-TERM STUDY GUIDE
Articular structures include joint capsule and articular cartilage, the synovium and synovial fluid, intra-articular ligaments and juxta-articular bone
oArticular disease involves:
▪Swellin
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NR509 MID-TERM STUDY GUIDE
Articular structures include joint capsule and articular cartilage, the synovium and synovial fluid, intra-articular ligaments and juxta-articular bone
oArticular disease involves:
▪Swelling
▪Tenderness of the joint
▪Crepitus
▪Instability “locking”
▪Deformity
▪Limits active and passive range of motion due to stiffness or pain
Extra-articular structures include periarticular ligaments, tendons, bursae, muscle, fascia, bone, nerve and overlying skin
oExtra-articular disease involves:
▪“point of focal tenderness in regions adjacent to articular structures
▪Limits active range of motion
▪RARELY causes swelling, instability, joint deformity
Know the sources of joint pain (pg. 627 algorithm)
Nonarticular conditions: trauma/fracture, fibromyalgia, polymyalgia rheumatica, bursitis, tendinitis
Intra-articular (acute, < 6 weeks): acute arthritis
oinfectious arthritis
ogout
opseudogout
oReiter syndrome
Intra-articular (chronic, > 6 weeks): chronic inflammatory arthritis vs chronic noninflammatory arthritis
oChronic inflammatory arthritis with 1-3 joints involved:
▪Indolent infection
▪Psoriatic arthritis
▪Reiter syndrome
▪Periarticular JA
oChronic inflammatory arthritis with >3 joints involved:
▪Psoriatic arthritis or Reiter syndrome (no symmetry)
▪ rheumatoid arthritis if not RA then systemic lupus, scleroderma, polymyositis
*Know what causes saddle numbness and urinary retention (pg. 678?)
CES (cauda equina syndrome) most commonly results from a massive herniated disc in the lumbar region.
A single excessive strain or injury may cause a herniated disc.
However, disc material degenerates naturally as a person ages, and the ligaments that hold it in place begin to weaken. As this degeneration progresses, a relatively minor strain or twisting movement can cause a disc to rupture.
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