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HST 1100 Module 9 - The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages

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HST 1100 Module 9 - The Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages What new agricultural practices arose in the High Middle Ages? What role did peasants and aristocrats play in the civilization of the High Middle Ages? The warmer climate in the High Middle Ages improved growing conditions and allowed agriculture to expand. More land was cleared, iron was used to make better farming tools, wind and water power was harnessed using windmills and water mills, and a three field system was utilized to preserve the soil. The carruca was used, and horseshoes and horse collars allowed plowing to be done quicker. The peasantry worked the fields, provided labor, participated in Christian traditions, and lived in simple dwellings. Women had many responsibilities, including working the fields, taking care of the children, cooking, cleaning, and teaching the children about religion. The primary occupation of the aristocracy, mainly lords and vassals, was warfare. Social status was important. Knights had to take an oath of nobility and practiced chivalry. They were defenders of Christian society, fought in the Crusades, and the Truce of God was established, prohibiting fighting on Sundays and feast days. Aristocratic women had opportunities but most were still under the control of men. Girls married in their teens, and marriage was intended to last a lifetime. What developments contributed to the revival of trade during the High Middle Ages, and what areas were the primary beneficiaries of the revival? What were the major features of medieval cities? Cities in Italy opened new trade routes, and the Crusades allowed for this. Fairs and marketplaces were held to encourage trade. The rise of a money economy, aided by new methods of credit, minting new coins, insurance, and commercial contracts promoted this revival. Italian cities and the city of Flanders benefited most. Medieval cities were small, crowded, dirty and smelly. They were established in proximity to walled strongholds, such as castles or monasteries. The cities were ripe with atmospheric and water pollution, and because of this wells were used for drinking. Standards of hygiene broke down. What were the major intellectual and cultural achievements of European civilization in the High Middle Ages? European civilization experienced a rise of universities, a revival of classical antiquity, scholasticism where faith and reason were reconciled and teaching theology was important, a revival of Roman law, an outpouring of Latin literature, new forms of literature like vernacular literature, the heroic epic, and courtly romance, the centrism

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