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History > A-Level Question Paper > Sophia History Notes (All)

Sophia History Notes

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This tutorial will cover the sociological concepts of race and ethnicity, through the definition and discussion of: 1. Race 2. Ethnicity 3. Prejudice, Stereotypes and Racism 1. RACE Race and ethnicity are often thought of as being synonymous, but in fact, they express different ideas.Race is a socially constructed meaning of human traits such as skin color, facial shape, eye color, and hair texture. Humans are biologically the same all over the world; they are all part of the same species, yet these traits mean nothing in and of themselves until human societies and human groups come along and give them meaning. Humans live in a world of meaningful objects--they are meaning-making machines--so they ascribe specific meanings to racial categories in each society. IN CONTEXT Racial differences are an adaptation to the environment. Skin color is an adaptation to the intensity of the sun in the environment. Sun is the most intense on the equator and is less and less powerful as you move towards the poles. Humans originally evolved in Africa, where it was very hot and where the sun was very intense. In Africa darker skin was more naturally advantageous in the Darwinian sense because it prevented people from absorbing too much sun. Therefore, your original human ancestors had darker skin. As the human population started to disperse, initially to Europe and later to Asia, the climate was different and it began to naturally select for people with lighter skin traits because they needed to absorb more sun to be healthy. Eventually, as people populated the Americas, and even the Arctic, they evolved to have lighter skin. In South America, skin color changed yet again. Humans adapt to their environment. Despite being members of the same species, they have developed different trait variations in response to the environment. These traits don't mean anything in and of themselves, but are given meaning in human society. In Spain, being black or white doesn't mean the same thing as being black or white in America. Furthermore, there's a historical component with trait variations, meaning that being black and white in America in 1858 didn't mean the same thing that it does now. Each society gives these biological traits meaning, which is what society calls ‘race.’

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