EDF 6225 Exam 105 Questions with Verified Answers,100% CORRECT

EDF 6225 Exam 105 Questions with Verified Answers Systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world - CORRECT ANSWER Science To achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomena under ...

EDF 6225 Exam 105 Questions with Verified Answers Systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world - CORRECT ANSWER Science To achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomena under study and seeks to discover the real truths. No bias by groups or organizations or by the scientists themselves. - CORRECT ANSWER What is the purpose of the systematic approach for science? Describe the three levels of understanding for science - CORRECT ANSWER Description, prediction, and control What is the highest level of understanding for science? - CORRECT ANSWER Control What is the lowest understanding for science? - CORRECT ANSWER Description Collection of facts about observed events that can be quantified, classified, and examined for possible relations with other known facts. - CORRECT ANSWER Description Can suggest hypothesis, questions, or additional research ideas - CORRECT ANSWER Description Relative probability that when one events occurs, another event either will or will not occur. Demonstrates correlation between events. - CORRECT ANSWER Prediction Must be based on repeated observations - CORRECT ANSWER Prediction Causal relationships can not be determined. Correlation does not mean causation. - CORRECT ANSWER Prediction Functional relations can be derived. Specific change in one event can reliably be produced by specific manipulation of another event and the change in the dependent variable was unlikely to be the result of other extraneous factors (confounding variables). - CORRECT ANSWER Control The universe is a lawful and orderly place which all phenomena occur as the result of other events. Events do not occur at will. Events are related in systematic ways. - CORRECT ANSWER Determinism The practice of objective aberration of the phenomena of interest - CORRECT ANSWER Empiricism All scientific knowledge is built upon - CORRECT ANSWER Empiricism Controlled comparison of some measure of phenomena of interest (dependent variable) under two or more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (independent variable) differs from one condition to another. - CORRECT ANSWER Experiment The repeating of an experiment. How scientists determine the reliability and usefulness of their experiments. Can be within an experiment or across experiments. - CORRECT ANSWER Replication All simple explanations are ruled out before more complex or abstract explanations are considered. - CORRECT ANSWER Parsimony The continuous questioning of the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge - CORRECT ANSWER Philosophic doubt A systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena as evidenced by description, prediction, and control that relies on determinism as its fundamental assumption, empiricism as its prime directive, experimentation as its basic strategy, replication as its necessary requirement for believability, parsimony as its conservative value, and philosophic doubt as its guiding conscience. - CORRECT ANSWER Definition of science Does basic research - CORRECT ANSWER Experimental analysis of behavior (EAB) Develops technology to improve behavior. Understood through EAB and behaviorism. - CORRECT ANSWER Applied behavior analysis (ABA) Psychology in the early 1900's was dominated with the study of.... - CORRECT ANSWER states of consciousness, images, and other mental processes "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It" article - CORRECT ANSWER John B. Watson Observable behavior and S-R Psychology - CORRECT ANSWER John B. Watson Foundation for the study of behavior as a natural science. Argued that subject matter for psychology should be the study of observable behavior, not states of mind or mental processes. - CORRECT ANSWER John B. Watson The behavior of the organsim - CORRECT ANSWER Skinner Respondents are elicited ("brought out") by stimuli that immediately precede them. Involuntary responses. Occur whenever eliciting stimulus is present. S-R model. - CORRECT ANSWER Respondent behavior Behavior is shaped through the consequences that immediately follow it. Three-term contingency. S-R-S model. Behaviors that are influenced by stimulus changes that have followed through the behavior in the past. - CORRECT ANSWER Operant behavior Private events such as thoughts and feelings are behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Radical behaviorism Behavior that takes place within the skin is distinguished from other ("public") behavior only by its inaccessibility - CORRECT ANSWER Radical behaviorism Private behavior has no special properties and is influenced by (i.e. is a function of) the same kinds of variables as publicly accessible behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Radical behaviorism includes and seeks to understand all human behavior, fair-reaching and thoroughgoing, dramatic departure from other conceptual systems - CORRECT ANSWER Radical behaviorism One of the first studies to report the human application of operant behavior. The participant was an 18-year old boy with profound intellectual disability. Arm-raising response was conditioned by injecting a small amount of a warm sugar-milk solution into participant's mouth every time he moved his right arm. - CORRECT ANSWER Fuller (1949) "The psychiatric nurse as a behavioral engineer". Formed the basis for branch of behavior analysis that would alter be called applied behavior analysis. Described techniques based on principles of behavior to improve the functioning of chronically psychotic patients or residents with intellectual diabilities. - CORRECT ANSWER Ayllon and Michael (1959) Researchers began to apply principles of behavior in an effort to improve socially important behavior - CORRECT ANSWER 1960s Techniques for measuring behavior and controlling and manipulating variables were sometimes unavailable or inappropriate. Little funding was available. No ready outlet for publishing studies. - CORRECT ANSWER 1960s Formal beginning of contemporary applied behavior analysis. Application of principles were made. - CORRECT ANSWER 1960s-1970s Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) began publication - CORRECT ANSWER 1960s-1970s First journal in united states to deal with applied problems and gave researchers using methodology from the experimental analysis of behavior an outlet for publishing their findings. Flagship journal of ABA. - CORRECT ANSWER Journal of applied behavior analysis (JABA) Founding fathers of ABA - CORRECT ANSWER Baer, Wolf, and Risley 1960s-1970s Defined the criteria for judging adequacy of research and practice in ABA and outlines the scope of work for those in the science. Most widely cited publication in ABA and remains standard description of the discipline. - CORRECT ANSWER "Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis" (Baer, Wolf, and Risley) 1960s-1970s Characteristics of ABA - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Applied 2. Behavioral 3. Analytic 4. Technological 5. Conceptually Systematic 6. Effective 7. Generality Investigates socially significant behavior with immediate importance to the participants. Behaviors include: social, language, academic, daily living, self-care, vocational, recreation and/or leisure. - CORRECT ANSWER Applied Precise measurement of the actual behavior in need of improvement and documents that it was the participant's behavior that changed. The behavior in need of improvement and it is a study of behavior (not about behavior). The behavior must be measurable and important to note whose behavior changed. - CORRECT ANSWER Behavioral Demonstrates experimental control over the occurrence and nonoccurrence of the behavior (a functional relation is demonstrated) - CORRECT ANSWER Analytic A written description of all procedures in the study and is sufficiently complete and detailed to enable others to replicate it. All operative procedures are identified and described in detail and clarity. - CORRECT ANSWER Technological Behavior change interventions are derived from basic principles of behavior. Better enable research consumer to derive other similar procedures from the same principles. Assist in integrating discipline into a system instead of a "collection of tricks" - CORRECT ANSWER Conceptually systematic Improves behavior sufficiently to produce practical results for the participants. Improvements in behavior must reach clinical or social significance behavior. Extent to which changes in the target behaviors result in noticeable changes. - CORRECT ANSWER Effective Produces behavior changes that last over time, appear in other environments, or spread to other behaviors - CORRECT ANSWER Generality The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior, and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement of behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER Applied behavior analysis Effective change, lasting change, and scientific approach - CORRECT ANSWER The promise and possibilities of ABA Assent in services, including clients in every aspect of planning behavior change, and combating ableism in services - CORRECT ANSWER Areas to grow in ABA Applied behavior analysis is set apart from other disciplines by - CORRECT ANSWER Focus, goals, and methods The goals of applied behavior analysis are - CORRECT ANSWER Description, prediction, and control Descriptive knowledge consists of a collection of facts about the observed clients that can be - CORRECT ANSWER quantified, classified, and examined for possible relations A functional relation exists when - CORRECT ANSWER A change in a dependent variable is reliably produced by manipulations of the independent variable The foremost rule in behavior analysis - CORRECT ANSWER Empiricism Our language suggests that... - CORRECT ANSWER Behavior is generally motivated and controlled by events going on in the mind, emotions control subsequent actions, and we can make choices that are free of outside influences Knowledge about (or study of) the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and observation. Systemized knowledge derived from observation, study, etc. Achieves a greater understanding of area of study. Rooted in scientific method: problem, observe/measure, formulate/test hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER Science The philosophy of the science of behavior. The behavior is controlled by the environment. - CORRECT ANSWER Behaviorism Inner thoughts (and other things we cannot observe) mediate something with our behavior. Used to be the accepted way of thinking (e.g., Freud, Descartes) - CORRECT ANSWER Mentalism Presumed but unobserved entities that can't be manipulated in an experiment (cognitvie processes, drives, free will, etc.) - CORRECT ANSWER Hypothetical constructs Fictitious variable contributing nothing to an understanding of the variables response for developing or maintaining bx (circular logic) - CORRECT ANSWER Explanatory fictions Published 20 books. Behavior of organisms (1938) and other popular ones include Walden Two (1948) and verbal behavior (1957) - CORRECT ANSWER Skinner Identified distinction between respondent and operant behavior. Looked towards environment for determinants of bx which appeas "voluntary". - CORRECT ANSWER Skinner Restricts activities to descriptions of bx and makes no scientific manipulations; no causality - CORRECT ANSWER Structural behaviorism Rejects all non-observable events, denied existence of "inner variables" or they aren't considered science, and searches for functional relationships - CORRECT ANSWER Methodological behaviorism University training programs were developed around ABA, teaching and research made major contributions to the rapid growth of the field, and these people made our current field possible. - CORRECT ANSWER Education's impact in the 1960s Publication of "some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis" by Baer, Wolf, and Risley. 7 defining dimensions for ABA research or bx change programs. - CORRECT ANSWER 1968 The behavior of an organism is that portion of an organism's interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time and some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment - CORRECT ANSWER Behavior (johnston and pennypacker (2009) Physical characteristics (how they look or interact with the environment) and functions (behaviors that are unrelated but share the same function) - CORRECT ANSWER Behavior class "Action of an organism's effector" In a human this could occur in striated muscles, smooth muscles (stomach or bladder muscles), or glands. - CORRECT ANSWER Response Responses can be described by: - CORRECT ANSWER Response topography (form - how they look, physical characteristics) and functional (effects of behavior on environment "an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells" Anything that an organism interacts with even if it's not observable - CORRECT ANSWER Stimulus Defined as behavior that is elicited by antecedent stimuli. Ready-made behaviors protect against harmful stimuli. - CORRECT ANSWER Respondent behavior Gradually diminishing response strength - CORRECT ANSWER Habituation Experimental demonstrations of respondent behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Respondent conditioning Respondent conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER Ivan Pavlov & dogs Environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER Antecedent A stimulus change that followed a behavior of interest - CORRECT ANSWER Consequence How to antecedents and consequences work together? - CORRECT ANSWER Consequences combine with the antecedent conditions to determined what was learned Any behavior whose future frequency is determined primarily by its history of consequences. Selected, shaped, and maintained by consequences. - CORRECT ANSWER Operant behavior Process and selective effects of consequences of behavior - CORRECT ANSWER Operant conditioning Stimulus change that followed a given behavior in a relatively immediate temporal sequence and alters the frequency of that type of behavior in the future - CORRECT ANSWER Functional consequence 'Strengthen' an operant - CORRECT ANSWER Response more probable, more frequent Skinner, 1953, p. 65 Reinforcement has taken place when - CORRECT ANSWER Operant conditioning consists of an increase in response frequency what increases the response frequency of the behavior - CORRECT ANSWER reinforcer what decreases the response frequency of the behavior - CORRECT ANSWER punisher when the presentation of a stimulus increases the frequency of a behavior - CORRECT ANSWER positive reinforcement when the withdrawal of a stimulus increases the frequency of a behavior - CORRECT ANSWER negative reinforcement when the presentation of a stimulus decreases the frequency of a behavior - CORRECT ANSWER positive punishment when the withdrawal of a stimulus decreases the frequency of a behavior - CORRECT ANSWER negative punishment do not need to be paired with any other form of reinforcement Food, water, sexual stimulation - CORRECT ANSWER unconditioned reinforcers do not need to be paired with any form of punishment. painful stimulation, light, sound, temperatures - CORRECT ANSWER unconditioned punishers Function as reinforcers and punishers only because of prior pairing with other reinforcers or punishers - CORRECT ANSWER conditioned reinforcers and punishers behavior that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than it does in others. occurs more frequently under the presence of a given stimulus (discriminative stimulus) - CORRECT ANSWER discriminated operant antecedent behavior consequence - CORRECT ANSWER Three-term contingency one definition of a response class is a group of responses with the same - CORRECT ANSWER function refers to all of the bx a person can do, a person's collection of knowledge and skills relevant to particular settings or tasks, language skills, academic skills, everyday routines, recreation, etc. - CORRECT ANSWER repertoire defines all relevant bx of a response class, focuses on the outcome (whats the intended result of this bx?), effect on the environment, and it's usually more concise - CORRECT ANSWER functionally defines the physical shape or form of the bx, typically used when function is unclear or unknown, helps in defining bx, but removes function from the question - CORRECT ANSWER topographically full set of physical circumstances in which organism exists - CORRECT ANSWER environment classifying and describing stimuli - CORRECT ANSWER formally (by physical features), temporally (when stimuli occurs w/ respect to a bx of interest), and functionally (by effect on bx) We often describe, measure, and manipulate stimuli according to formal dimensions: - CORRECT ANSWER size, color, intensity, weight, spatial position, etc. stimuli can be - CORRECT ANSWER nonsocial or socially-mediated