PUBH 302 Exam 3 Study Guide / DOWNLOAD
Explain exposure concepts
o Different toxic response arise from different routes of exposure, frequencies of
exposure, duration of exposure
o Body metabolizes toxin differently
...
PUBH 302 Exam 3 Study Guide / DOWNLOAD
Explain exposure concepts
o Different toxic response arise from different routes of exposure, frequencies of
exposure, duration of exposure
o Body metabolizes toxin differently from individual to individual
§ Life stage
§ Gender
§ Form and ability to be absorbed
§ Metabolism
§ Distribution within the body
§ Excretion
§ Health of individual
§ Nutritional status
§ Presence of other chemicals
§ Circadian rhythms
· Provide historical examples of occupational risk
o Radium Girls radium dial painters licked brushes to pull to a point
o 1950s shoe salesman used fluoroscope to size shoes causing radiation of feet and
repeated exposure to salesman
o Miners disease from inhaling metal vapors (Paracelsus, 1533)
o Scrotal cancer from soot in chimney sweeps (Pott, 1775)
· What efforts have been taken to reduce risk
o Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
§ Informs and allows reporting of hazards
o National Toxicology Program
§ Focus on endocrine disruptors, occupational mixtures and exposures,
phytotoxicology , safe drinking water
o National Environmental Policy Act
§ Create and maintain conditions under which humans and nature can exist in
productive harmony
· Identify important environmental figures in history
o 1713 – Ramazzini and Italian doctor published De Morbis Artificum
§ Linked hazards of dust, fumes, and gases to lung disease in workers
o 1854-1915 – Paul Ehrlich
§ Developed staining procedures to see how toxicants affected living
organisms
o 1907-1964 – Rachel Carson
§ Founder of our contemporary environmental movement
§ Questioned pesticide practices took on the industry
Special Topics in Environmental Health
· Approaching PH problems from a systems perspective
o PH problems are complex and complicated
§ Have factors inextricably linked, multiple interacting parts, multiple actors
(stakeholders)
o We live in systems and have to understand relationships among all parts, necessary
for change and addressing the problem
o Are concerned with the whole
- Try to identify patterns amid the chaos
· Global health challenges
o Elevating health in climate debate
o Delivering health in conflict and crisis
o Making healthcare fairer
o Expanding access to medicines
o Stopping infectious diseases
o Preparing for epidemics
o Protecting people from dangerous products
o Investing in people who defend our health
o Keeping adolescents safe
o Earning public trust
· Tuberculosis
o Infectious communicable disease caused by bacteria
o direct route of transmission through participle sin the air after a cough and sneeze
(has to be ingested)
o not just respiratory – can affect whole body from blood stream
o MDR and XTR resistant strains
§ Multi drug resistant
§ Extensively drug resistant
o Mostly disease of the poor and prevalent in underdeveloped/developing countries
o Can effect anyone even with BCG vaccine
o HIV and AIDS patients and those with compromised immune system are at
increased risk for complications
o Personal health is essential to prevent spread
· Malaria
o Mosquito transmitted
o Flul-ike symptoms high fever, chills, enlarged spleen, muscle pain
o Primary population
§ US: black men aged 25-44 from 1st or 2nd gen African immigrants
§ Poor subtropical areas
§ Africa : young children, pregnant women, travelers, those with HIV,
malnourished, elders
· Birth control access in developing nations
o Lack of access in poor and rich countries
o In developing countries 1 in 4 women want to avoid becoming pregnant and have
unmet need for contraception
§ Accounts for 82% of unintended pregnancies
o 308,000 women die each year from pregnancy related causes
o Adolescent women in poor countries at risk (10-19)
§ Physically immature, less likely to receive prenatal care
o Elderly women in poor countries at risk (40+)
§ Suffer form anemia, malnutrition, reproductive system damage
o In developing countries 7.5 million babies die before their first birthday
o The age at which women become pregnant can reduce risk of infant mortality
o Access barriers
§ Cant afford, lack of info on where to obtain, inability to obtain
o Stigma, Knowledge, Perceptions
§ Religious opposition
§ Opposition by partner/family
§ Lack of knowledge
§ Dear of side effects
· Define health promotion
- The combination of educational and environmental supports for actions and
living conductive to health
- Involves a planned approach/program. Intervention
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