4311 FINAL EXAM REVIEW.

Antigen-Antibody Response •The body makes antibodies in response to foreign substances Structure and Function of the Immune System •Principle behind immune system function: ability to distinguish self from non-self. ...

Antigen-Antibody Response •The body makes antibodies in response to foreign substances Structure and Function of the Immune System •Principle behind immune system function: ability to distinguish self from non-self. Types of Immunity: Innate Immunity - nonspecific, natural Adaptive Immunity - specific, acquired Organs of the Immune System •Tonsils and adenoids - tonsils protect the body against harmful organisms that are White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) •Component of immune system function. Sickle cell disease - Genetic condition - caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin molecule on a part of hemoglobin that results in When O2 concentration in the blood is low, RBC’s surfaces become sticky and deformed - shape of a crescent or sickle. RBC become rigid and unable to adapt their shape to fit through tiny blood vessels Manifestations of Sickle Cell Disease - chronic hemolytic anemia with fatigue due to destruction of RBC (hemolysis) Complications: - Immune function: increased susceptibility to infection due to chronic anemia. Spleen is frequently affected and may be damaged over time due to vaso-occlusive events. Management - directed toward controlling manifestations and preventing complications. - Education individ with sickle cell disease and their families regarding the disease, genetic basis, importance of regular health maintenance, prompt seeking of health care for any infection or Hemophilia ● Chronic bleeding condition; deficiency or absence of one of the clotting factors. Types of Hemophilia •Hemophilia A: deficiency in blood coagulation factor VIII. Management ● Prophylaxis and prompt intervention when bleeding occurs Complications ● Infection - can get hep B, hep C and HIV receiving intravenous transfusions Anemia terms: ● Normocytic: healthy, uniform-sized cells (with overhydration or pregnancy) Identification of anemia ● Health examination and history HIV consists of a spectrum of conditions ranging from nonexistent manifestations associated with severe depletion of the immune system and associated complications. 2 viruses cause HIV: Phases of HIV and manifestations Transmission of HIV - direct blood to blood contact or sexual contact Identifying HIV Manifestations and Complications ● HIV affects all body systems Histologic Studies and Grading: ● Laboratory procedures in which the type and structure of cancer cells are determined microscopically Procedures to identify cancer: ● Some cancers grow without causing physical manifestations; occult malignancies. 1. Radiographic procedures a. CAT scan, conventional XRAYS, MRI, ultrasound, and occasionally 2. Surgery for identification of cancer a. Performed to confirm or rule out the presence of cancer Endoscopy a. Insertion of a tubular device into a hollow organ or cavity to visualize the inside fo the structure directly . Single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT/CT) and positron emission tomography/computed tomography(PET/CT)-can perform both exams at the same time 6. Lab Tests Radiation Therapy a. Can be used to cure cancer, relieve manifestations, or to keep cancer under control; can Biological therapies a. Immunotherapy Specific cancers and their management Cancer of GI tract- ● Any part of GI or accessory organs, mgmt involves the removal or major resection of the organs involved. Cancer of esophagus a. Linked to smoking and alcohol use, especially when doing both . Cancer of stomach a. Varies with location affected, incidence higher in some countries. 3. Cancer of small and large intestines a. Large intestines can include rectum cancer . Cancer of liver (hepatocellular carcinoma) a. Accessory organ of GI tract 5. Cancer of the larynx a. One of the most common cancers of this region. i. Voice rehab techniques: ii. tracheoesophageal (shunt) speech- fistula is b/trachea and esophagus, with a small Lung cancer (LC) a. Mostly associated with smoking or passive smoke inhalation Cancer of the bone a. Primary bone cancer(sarcomas) are uncommon, but metastatic disease commonly affects the bone. Cancer of urinary system a. Cancer can develop in any organ of urinary system, but more frequent site is urinary tract in the bladder. High correlation between bladder cancer and cig smoking Cancer of kidney may be primary or metastatic. Mgmt includes surgical removal of tumor, partial or removal of entire kidney(nephrectomy), often in combo with chemo. Cancer of brain or spinal cord ● Malignant tumor small and accessible, they have not invaded surrounding Multiple myeloma ● Slowly progressive; uncontrolled replication of irregular plasma cells leads to destruction Cancer of the breast ● Second most common cause of death after lung cancer for women Gynecologic cancer ● Cancer of ovary, uterus, cervix, or external genitalia ● Cancer of cervix ○ Neck of uterus, opening into vagina ● Cancer of external genitalia or vagina ○ Rare, associated with HPV Cancer of prostate Prostate is a gland that surrounds the urethra in males and secretes fluid that bathes and nourishes human semen Testicular cancer ● Rare ● Manifestations-testicular pain or a lump in testes Skin cancer ● Uncontrolled growth and reproduction of irregular skin cells ● Endocrine works with nervous system. 2 major communication systems, work together to regulate or direct various body functions ● Hormonal feedback and neuroendocrine system ○ Over and underproduction of one hormone can affect a number of endocrine glands and body functions ● Hormones of endocrine system ○ Thyroxine-secreted by thyroid gland. Regulates rate of metabolism, influences Hyperthyroidism - also called Grave’s Disease and Thyrotoxicosis ● Systemic conditions resulting from excessive production of thyroid hormone Hypothyroidism (Myxedema) ● Primary - dysfunction of the glad itself ● Manifestations - opposite of hyperthyroidism - slow metabolic rate, intolerance to cold, tired, lack of energy and weight gain, hair becomes dry/brittle and thin, voice is slow, low Cushing’s disease- result of over exposure of the tissues to the hormone cortisol over time - can result from chronic use of glucocorticoid hormones such as prednisone or the overproduction of cortisol Addison’s disease - adrenal insufficiency when adrenal cortex doesn’t produce enough cortisol or aldosterone - cortisol regulates body during periods of stress and aldosterone is responsible for fluid and electrolyte imbalance ● Management - acute consists of immediate administration of steroids (cortisol/prednisone and aldosterone) - intervention for chronic consists of daily hormone replacement Chapter 28 Cardiovascular conditions Hypertension - elevated BP - therefore sustained elevation of pressure on the arteries - both systolic and diastolic can be elevated Identification - accurate measurement on several occasions needed for diagnosis - 24 hour monitoring is gaining recognition since ours fluctuates throughout the day - often primary hypertension is diagnosed at a routine physical exam Coronary Artery Disease ● CAD can be caused by atherosclerosis - where buildup narrows arteries (can be avoided) or atherosclerosis - where arteries lose their “stretch” - happens with age Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System ● Pulmonary System