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CELL BIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW 1 FINAL

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1. What is the Central Dogma? a. Flow of information: DNA -> RNA -> protein 2. What isspecialization? a. =Differentiation: which genes are expressed determine cell fate and function 3. What is the cell theory? a. Ce ...

1. What is the Central Dogma? a. Flow of information: DNA -> RNA -> protein 2. What isspecialization? a. =Differentiation: which genes are expressed determine cell fate and function 3. What is the cell theory? a. Cells arise from existing cells; spontaneous generation does not occur 4. Describe confocal microscopy a. Machine scans a laser beam across the image at a specific depth (optical section) 5. Compare Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy a. TEM: Electrons going through specimen; need very thin specimen (thinner than hair) b. SEM: Looking at surface detail; electrons aimed back and forth across specimen. Collect e- that bounce off 6. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic No organelles Distinct organelles DNA not organized in nucleus Double membrane-bound nucleus Single celled; Two domains: Bacteria and Archaea Both single and multicellular organisms 7. Cell Organelles and their functions a. Mitochondria: Provide energy for the cell – synthesis of ATP through cellular respiration b. Chloroplasts: Responsible for photosynthesis in Eukaryotic cells(plants, algae) i. Chlorophyll -> absorb sunlight -> drive ATP synthesis c. Cytosol = cytoplasm: membrane bound structures and cytoskeleton d. Endoplasmic reticulum: Synthesis of most cell-membrane components and secreted proteins; some protein modifications e. Golgi apparatus: Further protein modification; sorting, directing of materialsfor transport within a cell; packaging for secretion f. Lysosomes: Site of intracellular digestion g. Peroxisomes: Production of H2O2, catalase (lipid metabolism and detoxification) h. Cytoskeleton: Controlsinternal organization – structure, movement i. Microfilaments: contraction, movement; ~5 nm diameter ii. Microtubules: vesicle transport, separation of chromatids; ~25 nm diameter iii. Intermediate filaments: mechanical strength; ~8-10 nm diameter 8. What is a model organism and what are some examples? a. Representative organismsthat are amenable to study b. Ex: E. coli, Drosphilia (fruit fly), M. musculus (mouse), Arabidopsis 9. What does it mean for genes to be homologous? a. The genes have a common ancestry

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