2024 PMHNP Exam with 100% Verified Solutions | Updated & Verified | 2024

Psychodynamic theory - ✔✔Freudian theory that unconscious forces determine behavior; consious and unconsious Transtheoretical Model of Change - ✔✔1. Precontemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Mai ...

Psychodynamic theory - ✔✔Freudian theory that unconscious forces determine behavior; consious and unconsious Transtheoretical Model of Change - ✔✔1. Precontemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance 6. Termination Evidence based practice/research/PICO - ✔✔who is the patient population? what is potensial intervention? Is there a comparison intervention or control group? What is desired outcome? Inquiry process of evidenced based practice - ✔✔ask patients using patient scenarios resilience - ✔✔the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats and deal with disastrous situation; use it for potential growth Laura Polk Self-Efficacy Theory - ✔✔An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. concordance - ✔✔an agreement or harmony; working together; mutually agreed treatment plan Adaptation - ✔✔ability of an individual to adjust to changes; new and different experiencesadherence - ✔✔obedience to a rule; process of staying with a course of tx complaince - ✔✔conformity in fulfilling requirements; readiness to yield; process of following set instructions patient centered care - ✔✔Recognize the patient or designee as the source of control and full partner in providing compassionate and coordinated care based on respect for patient's preferences, values, and needs. culturally competent care - ✔✔the process of acquiring specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes to provide culturally congruent care; clinical skills that help clinician to focus on cultural beliefs, values and perceptions during therapeutic relationships Madeleine Leininger Culture - ✔✔Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people. way of life belonging of an individual or group of an individuals that reflects values and customs diversity - ✔✔recognition that an individual is unique along with race, gender, ethnicity, religious beliefs, sexual orientation cultural appropriation - ✔✔the process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit OR adoptation of elements of one culture by members of another culture monoamine neurotramsmitters - ✔✔serotonin dopamine epinephrine norpeinephrine Derived From Amino AcidsSerotonin - ✔✔Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal Norepinephrine - ✔✔helps control alertness and arousal; tachycardia, hypertension, vasoconstriction; anxiety and hyperactivity Glutamate - ✔✔A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory and learning Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) - ✔✔a widely distributed amino acid transmitter, and the main inhibitory transmitter in the mammalian nervous system Effects motor control, vision, reduces anxiety biological preventative factors - ✔✔w/o family mental health hx healthy physical health psychological preventative factors - ✔✔good self esteem good self concept internal locus of control healthy ego defenses Social preventative factors - ✔✔Low stress occupation, higher socioeconomic status, higher level of education tardive dyskinesia - ✔✔involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors Meige syndrome is described as: - ✔✔Meige is characterized by "lower facial abnormalities" - issues chewing blinking an chin thrusting facial dystoniaSydenham's chorea - ✔✔A form of chorea (involuntary muscle twitching) associated with rheumatic fever, usually occurring in childhood. Erikson's stages of psychosocial development - ✔✔trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame and doubt initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority identity vs role confusion intimacy vs isolation generativity vs stagnation integrity vs despair cluster A - ✔✔paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal withdrawn cold suspecious irrational cluster B - ✔✔antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic theoretical emotional attention-seeking intense interpersonal conflicts extremely liable mood cluster c - ✔✔avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive anxious tensefearful overcontrolled violent behavior - ✔✔antisocial narcissistic BPD Durham Rule - ✔✔an accused is not criminally responsible if his unlawful act was the product of mental disease or defect Agonist effect - ✔✔Drug binds to receptors and activates a biological response inverse agonist - ✔✔chemical substance that produces effects opposite those of a particular neurotransmitter partial agonist - ✔✔Medication that produces a weaker, or less efficacious, response than an agonist. antagonist effect - ✔✔combined effect of two or more drugs that produces less than the effect of each drug alone Hepatic encephalopathy - ✔✔impaired ammonia metabolism causes cerebral edema. s/s: change in LOC, memory loss, asterixis (flapping tremor) impaired handwriting, hyperventilation w/ resp alkalosis. Ecchymosis peripheral edema ascites palmar erythema spider angiomas Rx: lactulose, low protein, safety, rest false positive for meth - ✔✔prozacfalse positive for BZ - ✔✔zoloft false positive for heroin or morphine - ✔✔poppy seeds Lab results in Bulimia - ✔✔hypokalemia hypochloremia High serum amylase Hypomagnesemia cornerstone of evidence-based practice - ✔✔systematic reviews that integrate results from multiple studies using methodical and statistical procedures Hyperthyrodism - ✔✔everything is UP Insomnia - causes - ✔✔stress dysfunction sleep awake circuits neurochemical imbalance myelinated axons - ✔✔white matter nerve cells (neurons) and dendrites - ✔✔gray matter Akathisia - ✔✔restlessness Akinesia - ✔✔inability to initiate movement amotivationDystonia - ✔✔a condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement pseudo-parkinsonism - ✔✔side effect of antipsychotic drug, rigidity, pill rolling, masked face, shuffling gait tardive dyskinesia - ✔✔involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors delayed sleep phase type - ✔✔night owls can't fall asleep before 2 to 6 am, hard time getting up in am advanced sleep phase type - ✔✔Early To Bed Early To Rise irregular sleep-wake type - ✔✔people who experience highly varied sleep cycles non-24 hour sleep-wake type - ✔✔abnormal synchronization between 24 hr light-dark cycle and the internal circadian rhythm falling asleep late waking up late shift work type - ✔✔sleepiness caused by working rotating shifts or irregular hours Bipolar Rapid Cycling - ✔✔-clinical type of bipolar disorder -four or more episodes of mood disturbances in one year BP with atypical features - ✔✔weight gain, oversleeping, increased appetite, low energy, sensitive to rejection BP w/melancholic features - ✔✔feel worse in am decreased appetiteweight loss agitation feel excessively guilty trouble making desicions BP w/anxious distress - ✔✔high levels of tension restlessness worry fear BP w/catatonic features - ✔✔either motor hyperactivity or inactivity BP w/mixed features - ✔✔mixture b/w manic and depressive BP w/peripartum onset - ✔✔mood episode during pregnancy or within a mo postpartum BP w/psychotic features - ✔✔w/delusions, hallucinations+mood s/s BP w/rapid cycling - ✔✔at least 4 mood episodes in past yr BP w/seasonal pattern - ✔✔at certain time of the year Irvin Yalom - ✔✔A leading figure in contemporary group therapy, especially the interpersonal approach Existential Pre-group Froming StormingNorming Performing Adjourning Depolarization - ✔✔The process during the action potential when sodium and Ca is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. Excitatory Repolarization - ✔✔Period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron Chloride enter cell Restoration phase Acupuncture - ✔✔Chinese medical practice of inserting needles into certain areas of the body Stimulating endorphins and immune system Alter brain chemistry by releasing neurohormones and neurotransmitters Biofeedback - ✔✔The process of learning to control bodily states by monitoring the states to be controlled amok - ✔✔behave uncontrollably and disruptively features of social anxiety - ✔✔excessive assertiveness to alleviate of feelings of being awkward sensitivity to criticism inferiority feelings p-value - ✔✔events occurring by chance t-test - ✔✔Compares mean values of a continuous variable between 2 categories/groups.Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - ✔✔analysis of variance test used for designs with three or more sample means Pearson's Correlation Test - ✔✔relationship between two variables Probability - ✔✔likelihood that a particular event will occur meta-analysis - ✔✔a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies quantitative studies discover patterns that would be otherwise undetectable 1 (strongest) - randomized or nonrandomized controlled trials 2 - single randomized or nonramdomized controlled trials 3 - systematic review of correlational and observational studies 4 - single correlational and observational studies 5 - systematic review of descriptive, qualitative, or physiologic studies 6 - single review of descriptive, qualitative, or physiologic studies 7 - opinions of authorities and experts committees Metasynthesis - ✔✔a report of a study of a group of single research studies using qualitative methods summarizing results by narrative format Erikson stages - ✔✔Infant(0-1yr)Trust vs. Mistrust"HOPE" Toddler(1-3yr) Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt"WILL" Preschool(3-6yr)-Initiative vs. Guilt"Purpose" School(6-11yr)-Industry vs. Inferiority"Competence" Adolescent(12-20yr)"Fidelity" Young Adult(21-40yr)Intimacy vs isolation"Love" (40'60yr) Generative lifestyle vs. stagnation or self absorption"Care" (>65)Ego integrity vs. despair"Wisdom"Medicare coverage - ✔✔Part A - hosp, hospice, skilled nursing facilities, home health Part B - outpatient + PT, OT, ST, med equipment, diagnostic tests, prevention Part C - beneficiaries Part D - Meds internal validity - ✔✔the degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable Splitting defense mechanism - ✔✔Inability to integrate negative & positive aspects of attributes of self or others. Black & white. Maladaptive. Either good or evil only BDP devaluation (defense mechanism) - ✔✔excessive negative qualities Idealization (Defense Mechanism) - ✔✔excessive positive qualities Repression (defense mechanism) - ✔✔- Involuntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from ones awareness. EX: An accident victim can remember nothing about the accident Types of prevention in mental health - ✔✔primary - edu secondary - 1800 # tertiary - rehab SSRI withdrawal symptoms - ✔✔-headache -nause-anxiety -dizziness -tremors -visual disturbances -hyponatremia: make sure to obtain baseline before starting SSRI therapy displacement defense mechanisms - ✔✔diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target Rationalization (defense mechanism) - ✔✔- Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justifying unacceptable feelings or behaviors. EX: John tells the rehab nurse, "I drink because its the only way I can deal with my bad marriage and awful job." Conversion defense mechanism - ✔✔unconscious transformation of anxiety into a physical symptom with no organic cause Dissociation defense mechanism - ✔✔minimize or tolerate stress memory loss, amnesia Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) - ✔✔Traumatic events that occur in childhood that have a doseresponse relationship to social and emotional problems Freud's theory - ✔✔basic principles include the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and influence of sexual drives, includes id/ego/superego and psychosexual stages ID - meeting needs EGO - dealing with reality SuperEgo - moralsStages of Change - ✔✔precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance types of personality disorders - ✔✔paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal (w/delusions), antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive subcortical dementia - ✔✔Deficits in memory, problem solving, language, neuromuscular control Cortical Dementia - ✔✔Alzheimers and Picks disease are neurodegenerative and cause degeneration of nerve cells in the brain more severe profound memory loss receptive-expressive language disorder - ✔✔a disorder in which a child has difficulty with both expressive language (using words and language) and receptive language (understanding words and sentences) - slow rate of language development, a limited amount of speech, limited range of vocabulary, difficulty acquiring new words, word-finding vocabulary errors, shortened sentences, simplified grammatical structure, limited varieties of sentence types, use of unusual word order, formulation difficulty, and/or difficulty understanding words, sentences, or specific types of sentences. acoustic neuroma - ✔✔benign tumor on the auditory nerve (8th cranial nerve) that causes vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss Risk Factor post postpartum psychosis - ✔✔mood d/o or BD Wide confidence intervals mean - ✔✔that your sample size was too small. ... A small sample size does not mean that your results are "wrong". It means that the data is consistent with a wide range of possible hyoptheses 5 A's of Health Behavior change - ✔✔assess advise agreeassist arrange Earliest s/s in AZ d/o - ✔✔1. mood changes (apathy, resistant to antidepressant med but responsive to cholinesterase inh) 2. cognitive impairment 3. decline in functional independence 4. behavior & motor symptoms Ford vs. Wainwright - ✔✔Prohibits the EXECUTION of the insane. O'Connor v. Donaldson - ✔✔Established that mental illness alone is not enough for INVOLUNTARY HOSPITALIZATION -- mentally ill cannot be confined against their will if they CAN survive on their own Rennie vs Klein - ✔✔1979. Pts have the RIGHT TO REFUSE TX and use an appeal process Durham vs. United States - ✔✔individual is not responsible if unlawfun act was a result of mental illness DO NOT BE PROSECUTED IF INSANE how dopamine removed from the synaptic cleft - ✔✔By monoamine axidase enzymetic action Normal QT interval - ✔✔0.36-0.44 Normal creatinine levels - ✔✔0.8-1.4 mg/dL Normal GFR Range - ✔✔90-120 mL/mi