ACCS PHARMACOLOGY Questions and answers with 100% correct solutions | A+ Grade

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DRUGS ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION (5) ✔✔1. Enteral 2. Parenteral 3. Transdermal 4. Inhalation 5. Topical What is enteral route ? ✔✔ENTERAL - absorbed in GI a. sublingual b. oral c. buccal... / lingual/ sublingual d. rectal What is the Parenteral route? (3) ✔✔Parenteral a. Intravenous ( IV) b. intramuscular (IM) c. subcutaneous (SubQ). What is the transdermal route? ✔✔delivered through the skin into the blood stream What is the inhalation route? (2) ✔✔a. aerosolizedb. airway instillation What is the topical route? ✔✔medication to the body surface for local effects Name the (9) drug classifications ✔✔1. sedatives 2. anesthetics 3. analgesics 4. neuromuscular blocking agents 5. bronchodilators 6. cardiac drugs 7. vasoactive drugs 8. renal drugs 9. anti- infective agents What are sedatives? ✔✔decrease anxiety and promotes relaxtion What are anesthetics? ✔✔reduce patients ability to perceive sensation What are analgesics ? ✔✔reduces the sensation of pain What are neuromuscular blocking agents ? ✔✔cause paralysis of skeletal muscles What are bronchodilators ? ✔✔open airwaysName the two cardiac drugs and what they do. ✔✔1. Chronotropic....... increases the heart rate 2. inotropic...... increases contractility What are vasoactive drugs? ✔✔change blood pressure by constricting and relaxing blood vessels What are renal drugs? ✔✔alter kidney function , including electrolytes, pH and blood volume What are anti- infective drugs? ✔✔treat infections What are the 3 branches of the autonomic nervous system? ✔✔1. sympathetic branch 2. sympathomimetic ( adrenergic ) 3. parasympathetic branch What is the sympathetic branch? ✔✔fight or flight innervates smooth muscles What is the 4 responses of the sympathomimetic ( adrenergic ) ✔✔1. alpha response 2. beta1 ... b1 response 3. beta 2... b2 response 4. beta 2 agonist/ sympathomimetic/ adrenergic drugs What is the alpha 1 response? ✔✔vasoconstriction of arteriolar smooth musclesmost vasopressors are alpha- stimulating drugs What is the beta 1 response? ✔✔increased rate ( chronotropic) and strength of contraction ( inotropic) of the cardiac muscles most cardiac drugs are beta 1 What is the beta 2 response? ✔✔bronchodilation and a week vasodilation effect most respiratory drugs are beta 2 What response does beta2 agonist / symathomimetic/ adrenergic drugs have? ✔✔bronchodilation What is the parasympathetic branch? ✔✔is a conservation system and innervates smooth muscles What is the primary indication of bronchodilators? ✔✔treat bronchospasm/ wheezing in patients with asthma and COPD What are short acting beta agonists (SABA) used for? Name 2 * ✔✔rescue/ quick relief medicationstreats acute episodes of bronchospasm *albuterol and xopenex What are the generic names for albuterol? ✔✔Ventolin or Proventil What are the dose of albuterol when nebulized 0.5% solution? ✔✔0.5 ml- 1.0 ml in 3 ml of NS every 1- 6 hours What is the unit dose vial size of albuterol? ✔✔2.5 mg in 3 ml NS- 1 vial every 1-6 hours What is the continuous dose of albuterol? ✔✔10-15 mg/ hour What is the MDI does of albuterol? ✔✔90mcg/puff- 1-2 purrs every 4-6 hours What the generic name for levalbuterol? ✔✔xopenex What is the unit dose vial for xopenex? ✔✔0.63 mg in 3 ml NS- 1 vial every 6- 8 hours 1.25 mg in 3ml NS- 1 vial every 6-8 hours What are 8 side effects and hazards of beta adrenergic bronchodilators? ✔✔1. tachypnea 2. palpitations ......feeling heart activity 3. hypertension/ hypotension4. headache 5. tremors, shakes, quivering..........most common 6. paradoxical hypoxemia 7. tachyphylaxis- lack of response to normal drug action over time 8. nausea/ vomiting If bronchospasm / wheezing persist ✔✔increase dosage then frequency High dosage of albuterol (10mg) used to treat ✔✔hyperkalemia ... high K+ levels What are long acting beta agonist LABA ✔✔maintenance / long term control medication Name 3 Long acting beta agonist LABA ✔✔1. Salmeterol ( serevent) 2. Formoterol 3. Arformoterol ( Brovana) How is salmeterol dispensed ..2 ✔✔1. MDI--- 21mcg/puff- 2 puffs every 12 hrs 2. DPI ( discus) 50 mcg/ inhalation- 1 inhalation every 12 hrs How is formoterol dispensed ..2 ✔✔1. DPI- ( foradil aerolizer )12mcg/ 25 mg lactose- 1 inhalation every 12hrs2. Aqueous solution ( Perforomist R) 20 mcg/ 2ml - 1 vial every 12 hrs How is Arformoterol ( Brovana) dispensed ? ✔✔Aqueous solution 15 mcg/ 2ml every 12 hours What are anticholingeric bronchodilators? ✔✔block the bronchoconstriction caused by the parasympathetic nervous system decreases cyclic GMP Name 4 anticholinergic bronchodilators? ✔✔1. atropine sulfate 2. ipratropium bromide ( atrovent) 3. tiotropium bromide (Spiriva) 4. Oxitripium bromide ( oxivent) How is atropine sulfate dispensed? ✔✔Aqueous solution nebulized .05 mg/kg in 3 ml NS every 6-8 hrs How is ipratropium bromide ( atrovent) dispensed? *2 ✔✔1. unit dose vial----- 500mcg in 2.5 ml NS 1 vial every 8 hrs2. MDI 18 mcg/ puff 1-2 puffs every 4-6 hours max 6 puffs/ day How is Tiotropium bromide ( spiriva )dispensed ? ✔✔DPI 18 mcg/ inhalation - 1 inhalation per day How is oxitropium bromide ( Oxivent ) dispensed? ✔✔MDI 100 mg/puff- 2 puffs every 8-12 hrs what are Methylxanthines? ✔✔Phosphodiesterase inhibitors How does methylxanthines work? ✔✔indirectly increases the amount of cAMP within smooth muscles. The increased amount causes bronchodilation What is the usual route of methylxanthines? *3 ✔✔1- intravenous 2- injection 3- tablet what is the safe therapeutic blood levels of theophylline ? ✔✔10- 20 mg/ mL to optimize bronchodilation blood level are important for patients receiving methylxanthines [Show More]

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