Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm 6501 Walden University |Questions and answers with 100% correct solutions | A+ Grade

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A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitate his continued muscle performance? ✔✔Answer: Anaerobic glycolysis What causes the rapid ch ... ange in the resting membrane potential that initiates an action potential? ✔✔Answer: Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, changing the membrane potential from negative to positive. A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would reveal which of the following? ✔✔Answer: XXY A nurse is reviewing the pedigree chart. When checking for a proband, what is the nurse looking for? ✔✔Answer: The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide? ✔✔Answer: Expressivity In teaching a patient with cirrhosis, which information should the nurse include regarding cholesterol? ✔✔Answer: Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, which reduces its ability to carry oxygen.When a patient asks what causes cystic fibrosis, how should the nurse respond? Cystic fibrosis is caused by an _____ gene ✔✔Answer: Autosomal recessive How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? ✔✔Answer: By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) The nurse would be correct in identifying the predominant extracellular cation as: ✔✔Answer: Sodium The early dilation (swelling) of the cell's endoplasmic reticulum results in: ✔✔Answer: Reduced protein synthesis What principle should the nurse remember when trying to distinguish aging from diseases? ✔✔Answer: It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes are believed to result from cell injury. What is the diagnosis of a 13-year-old female who has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present? Her features include a short stature, widely spaced nipples, reduced carrying angle at the elbow, and sparse body hair. ✔✔Answer: Turner syndrome A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the genetic information be contained? ✔✔Answer: Nucleolus The nurse is teaching staff about the most common cause of Down syndrome. What is the nurse describing? ✔✔Answer: Maternal nondisjunctionA 50-year-old male was recently diagnosed with Huntington disease. Transmission of this disease is associated with: ✔✔Answer: Delayed age of onset A patient wants to know the risk factors for Down syndrome. What is the nurse's best response? ✔✔Answer: Pregnancy in women over age 35 What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction? ✔✔Answer: Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development A newborn male is diagnosed with albinism based on skin, eye, and hair appearance. Which finding will support this diagnosis? ✔✔Answer: Inability to convert tyrosine to DOPA (3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine) Sodium and water accumulation in an injured cell are a direct result of: ✔✔Answer: Decreased ATP production A nurse is reading a chart and sees the term oncotic pressure. The nurse recalls that oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) is determined by: ✔✔Answer: Plasma proteins The ion transporter that moves Na + and Ca 2+ simultaneously in the same direction is an example of which of the following types of transport? ✔✔Answer: Symport A 20-year-old pregnant female gives birth to a stillborn child. Autopsy reveals that the fetus has 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe this condition? ✔✔Answer: TetraploidyWhy is potassium able to diffuse easily in and out of cells? ✔✔Answer: Because the resting plasma membrane is more permeable to potassium Hypothyroidism ✔✔A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal, does not produce enough T3 and T4 T3, T4, TSH ✔✔Diagnosing hypo/hyperthyroidism T3/T4 = thyroid. TSH = Pituitary. T3/T4 abnormality = problem with THYROID. T3/T4 normal + TSH abnormal = Secondary thyroid problem If too much T3/T4, then TSH will be down. Vice Versa. calcium ✔✔parathyroid glands responsible for regulating ___ levels. metabolism, temperature ✔✔Thyroid produces hormones T3, T4, and plays big role in __, ___ regulation and growth and development iodine ✔✔Brain cannot make T3 and T4 without ___ slows ✔✔hypothyroidism everything ___. stimulates sympathetic nervous system, drowsy, lethargic constipated, food move slows, weight gainbody temp increases Hyperthyroidism ✔✔excessive activity of the thyroid gland: increased levels of T3, T4 and TSH loss ✔✔Hyperthyroidism: burning calories at an excessive rate weight ___ stimulates sympathetic nervous system: alert, quick reflexes, increased HR & BP (fight or flight response_ Heat intolerance: increased body temp Active GI: diarrhea anterior pituitary gland ✔✔the anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Cushing's disease ✔✔(Remember: *UP, UP, UP, DOWN, UP*) HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemiaadrenal cortex ✔✔outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones Aldosterone ✔✔Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water to regulate BP via angiotensin-aldosterone system, retention of sodium and secretes potassium cortisol ✔✔stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex helps the body deal with stress such as illness or injury increases blood glucose breaks down fats, proteins, carbs electrolyte regulations Negative feedback ✔✔Hypothalamus releases CRH corticotropin releasing hormone --> pituitary gland releases ATCH adrenocorticotropic hormone --> adrenal cortex to release cortisol increased ✔✔Cushings disease has ___ secretion of cortisol decreased ✔✔Addison's disease has __ secretion of cortisol and aldosterone Need to ADD some steroidssyndrome ✔✔Cushing ___ is when an outside cause results in too much production of cortisol, like treatment with steroids disease ✔✔Cushings ___ is when an internal issue is causing over production of cortisol autoimmune ✔✔Addison's disease is typically an ____ disorder where the body is attacking the adrenal cortex on top of the adrenal gland Cushing's ✔✔___ symptoms: skin fragile truncal obesity, small extremities with striae on them excessive hair "moon face" buffalo hump females --> no menstruation males--> ED hyperglycemia d/t high cortisolAddison's ✔✔___ symptoms: brownish hyperpigmentation of skin diarrhea, nausea hyponatremia d/t low aldosterone levels --> hyperkalemia hypoglycemia d/t low cortisol low bp, risk for vascular collapse going into shock Anti-diuretic hormone ✔✔aka Vasopressin ADH is a hormone made by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. It tells your kidneys how much water to conserve. ADH constantly regulates and balances the amount of water in your blood. increase ✔✔SIADH will have ___ in antidiuretic hormone decrease ✔✔Diabetes insipidus will have a __ in ADH posterior pituitary gland ✔✔stores and secretes ADHafter hypothalamus produces ADH Pheochromocytoma ✔✔a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes the gland to secrete catecholamines (epinephrine, norpinephrine, dopamine, and dopa) leading to high BP, headache, sweating and symptoms of a panic attack. diabetic ketoacidosis ✔✔acidity of the blood caused by the presence of ketone bodies produced when the body is unable to burn sugar; thus, it must burn fat (triglycerides and amino acids instead of glucose) for energy hyperglycemia hyperketonemia metabolic acidosis occurs mostly in type 1 diabetes mellitus cerebral, coma ✔✔DKA causes nausea, vomiting, and abd pain and can progress to __ edema, __ and death deficiency ✔✔DKA: hyperglycemia d/t insulin ___ causes an osmotic diuresis leading to marked urinary losses of water and electrolytes urinary excretion of ketones leads to additional loss of sodium and potassiuminflammation ✔✔Pericarditis is ___ of the pericardium, often with fluid accumulation in the pericardial space (pericardial effusion) cardiac tamponade ✔✔acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity--> impairs cardiac filling leading to low cardiac output. infective endocarditis ✔✔inflammation of endothelium that lines heart and cardiac valves. most commonly damages mitral valve, then aortic and tricuspid valves. commonly caused by bacteria that are normally present in the body. can also occur after an invasive medical or dental procedure. symptoms: valvular dysfunction, may affect organ systems, chest pain, CHF, clubbing, meningitis, low back pain, arthralgia, arthritis myocarditis ✔✔inflammation of the myocardium with necrosis of cardiac myocytes biopsy shows inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and granulomas direct cardiomyocyte injury cased by an infectious or other cardiotoxic agent OR myocardial injury caused by an autoimmune reaction to an infectious or cardiotoxic agent aortic regurgitation ✔✔(aortic insufficiency) incompetent aortic valve that allows backward flow of blood from the aorta into left ventricle during diastole aortic stenosis ✔✔calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during systolenarrowing of the aortic valve, obstructing blood flow from the left ventricle to the ascending aorta during systole mitral regurgitation ✔✔mitral insufficiency; incompetent mitral valve allows regurgitation of blood from the left ventricle back into left atrium during systole mitral stenosis ✔✔narrowing of the mitral valve orifice that impedes blood flow from the left atrium to the left vetricle mitral valve prolapse ✔✔Improper closure of the valve between the heart's upper and lower left chambers. billowing of mitral valve leaflets into the left atrium during systole pulmonic regurgitation ✔✔pulmonic insufficiency; backflow of blood through incompetent pulmonic valve into the right ventricle causes blood from from the pulmonary artery into the right ventricle during diastole pulmonic stenosis ✔✔narrowing of the opening and valvular area between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract causing obstruction of blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery during systoledeep vein thrombosis ✔✔blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb d/t impaired venous return, endothelial injury or hypercoagulability thrombi ✔✔__ consist of thrombin, fibrin, and red blood cells with few platelets and without treatment can travel to the lungs causing PE Hypertension ✔✔high blood pressure sustained SBP >130 BP= cardiac output x total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR) HTN leads to ↑ CO, ↑ TPR [Show More]

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