All Subject Study Guide for 7th Grade Comprehinsive (Physics, biology, chemistry, math, english, and spanish) Exam| Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct| Latest Update 2024

Homeostasis ✔✔When organisms maintain a stable internal environment even when external conditions change Metabolism ✔✔Combination of chemical reactions taking place within an organism Stimulus ✔✔A signal to which an ...

Homeostasis ✔✔When organisms maintain a stable internal environment even when external conditions change Metabolism ✔✔Combination of chemical reactions taking place within an organism Stimulus ✔✔A signal to which an organism responds Biosphere ✔✔Means "living planet" Robert Hooke ✔✔Scientist who looked at cork through a microscope and gave the name to cells Light Microscope ✔✔A type of microscope Can magnify 1000x Not as strong as other microscopes Uses light Scanning Electron Microscope ✔✔A type of microscope Can magnify 100,000x Uses electron beams focused by magnetic fieldsUsed to see surface of objects Transmission Electron Microscope ✔✔A type of microscope Can magnify 100,000x Uses electron beams focused by magnetic fields Used to see internal details of objects Electron microscopes ✔✔Cannot look at living cells Their beam of electrons destroys cells Proteins ✔✔Mosaic part of the Fluid-Mosaic model Phospholipids ✔✔Fluid part of the Fluid-Mosaic model Diffusion ✔✔Small particles move from greater concentration to lesser concentration until they reach equilibrium Osmosis ✔✔Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane Lipid ✔✔Macromolecule that is not a polymer Is not made of repeated units Is merely a large molecule Chitin ✔✔Protection/structure polysaccharide in animalsCellulose ✔✔Protection/structure polysaccharide in plants Glycogen ✔✔Energy storage polysaccharide in animals Starch ✔✔Energy storage polysaccharide in plants Fat ✔✔Lipid made of glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains Phospholipid ✔✔Lipid made of glycerol with 2 fatty acid chains Nucleic acid ✔✔Macromolecule with C,H,O,P,N Store, transmit, express hereditary info. 4 Protein functions ✔✔Enzymes, defence, storage, transport Enzyme ✔✔Protein acting as a biological catalyst Is NOT used up in a reaction Chlorophyll ✔✔The source of electrons used to capture sunlight Water ✔✔The source of electrons to replace chlorophyll's lost electrons Chromosome ✔✔Condensed form of DNA in cell divisionDiploid ✔✔Term meaning to have 2 sets of chromosomes Somatic cells Haploid ✔✔Term meaning to have 1 set of chromosomes Reproductive cells Speed ✔✔The rate at wich an object moves (m/s) acceleration ✔✔the rate at wich an object changes velcity, speed, or direction (m/s/s) force ✔✔a push or a pull (N) work ✔✔the transfer of energy (j) power ✔✔the rate at wich work is done (w) energy ✔✔the ability to do work (j) mass ✔✔1)the ammountof matterr in an object 2)the measure of an objects inetria (kg) inertia ✔✔the tendency of an object to resist changes in motion (kg)weight ✔✔the measureof gravity acting upon an object (N) normal force ✔✔the reaction force that is perpendicular to the surface (N) hooke's law ✔✔the force necesary to extend or compress a spring is directly proportional to the distance (N) mechanical energy ✔✔the sum of all energys (j) potenial energy ✔✔energy due to location (j) kinetic energy ✔✔energy due to motion (j) elastic energy ✔✔energy stored in pulled/compressed spring, rubber band or bungee cord (j) law of conservation of energy ✔✔energy cannot be created nor destroyed only transformed net force ✔✔sum of all forces (N) speed formula ✔✔S=d/tvelocity formula ✔✔V=Xf-Xi/t acceleration formula ✔✔a=Vf-Vi/t a=F/m force formula ✔✔f=m*a work formula ✔✔w=F*d power formula ✔✔P=w/t mass formula ✔✔m=F/a law of universal gravitation ✔✔the further two objects are from each other the less gravity there is newtons first law of motion ✔✔an object in motion remains in motion and an object at rest remians at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force newtons second law of motion ✔✔an objects acceleration is directly propotional to the force aplied and inversly to the objects mass newtons third law of motion ✔✔for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction force final velocity formula ✔✔Vf=Vi+(a*t)light ✔✔candela electricity ✔✔amperes light speed ✔✔3*10^8 longitudal waves ✔✔the particles of a wave vibrate PARALLEL to the direction of a wave transverse waves ✔✔a wave in wich particles move PERPENDICULAR to the direction of the wave surface wave ✔✔the combination of transverse and longitudinal at the boundry of a ifferent media. particles mov in circular motion. frequency ✔✔the number of waves pasing a location every second (Hz) frequency formula ✔✔f=(landa)/v period ✔✔the time wich it takes one wave to pass (sec) period formula ✔✔T=1/fwavespeed ✔✔the rate at wich a wave moves (m/s) wave speed formula ✔✔V=(landa)*f wave interference ✔✔2 waves (unlike objects) can occupy the same place at the same time constructive interference ✔✔displacments are in same direction destructive ✔✔displacements are in opposite directions standing wave ✔✔appers to not be moving electromagnetic wave ✔✔can travel the vacum of outer space. doesnt need a medium Meter ✔✔SI unit for length Kilogram ✔✔SI unit for mass Second ✔✔SI unit for time Kelvin ✔✔SI unit for temperatureMole ✔✔SI unit for amount of substance Accuracy ✔✔The measure of the difference between your measurement and the accepted value Precision ✔✔The measure of how close your measurements are to each other Random Errors ✔✔Type of errors that spread out your data set Systematic Errors ✔✔Type of errors that take off/shift the entire data set Meniscus ✔✔Curve on the surface of a liquid Matter ✔✔Anything with mass and volume Mass ✔✔Amount of substance inside matter Volume ✔✔Amount of 3D space inside matter Atom ✔✔The basic building block of matter Element ✔✔A material made of the same atom Compound ✔✔Two or more different elements bonded togetherHomogeneous mixture ✔✔A mixture that is uniform throughout Heterogeneous mixture ✔✔A mixture that is not uniform throughout Saturation ✔✔The state when the solvent cannot take in any more solute Suspension ✔✔A heterogeneous mixture where particles eventually settle Colloid ✔✔A heterogeneous mixture where the particles never settle Sublimation ✔✔The state change when solids turn directly into gases Deposition ✔✔The state change when gases turn directly into solids Plasma ✔✔State of matter when electrons separate from their nuclei Cation ✔✔Type of ion that is smaller than the original atom Anion ✔✔Type of ion that is larger than the original atom Ionization energy ✔✔The energy required to take an electron away from its atom Electronegativity ✔✔The ability of an atom to attract shared electrons to itselfElectron affinity ✔✔The energy change associated with the gaining of electrons Polarity ✔✔Charge separation resulting from unequal sharing of bonded electrons Filtration ✔✔Method of separating mixtures Based on running mixture through a filter Filtrate ✔✔The liquid that runs through a filter during filtration Residue ✔✔The solid that remains in the filter during filtration Distillation ✔✔Method of separating mixtures Depends on boiling liquids with different boiling points Condenses different vapors to get components Chromatography ✔✔Method of separating mixtures Uses mobile and stationary phases Depends on components having different affinities for the mobile phase and being carried different distances Solvent Front ✔✔Line where solvent stops running up stationary phaseStanding wave ✔✔A vibration where some points (nodes) are fixed in place and others vibrate with maximum amplitude Can be used to describe electrons Orbital ✔✔The line that envelops 90% of electron density The line that electrons will be in 90% of the time Pauli Exclusion Principle ✔✔Says that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers Uses electron spin to differentiate between same-orbital electrons Aufbau Principle ✔✔Says that electrons occupy the lowest energy orbital that can receive them Hund's Rule ✔✔Says that single electrons in the same subshell have the same spins Dipole-dipole attraction ✔✔An intermolecular force Acts between oppositely charged sides of polar molecules Hydrogen bond ✔✔An intermolecular force An especially strong dipole-dipole attraction that acts between H and F, O, or N London Dispersion Force ✔✔An intermolecular forceCaused by fluctuations in electron clouds that cause reactions from other atoms and cause dipoles to form Synthesis ✔✔Reaction with formula A+B->C Decomposition ✔✔Reaction with formula C->A+B Single Replacement ✔✔Reaction with formula A+BC->B+AC Double Replacement ✔✔Reaction with formula AB+CD->AD+CB Combustion ✔✔Reaction with formula X+O2->Y(+Z) Redox ✔✔A reaction where electrons move from one atom to another Oxidation State ✔✔Term for the charge on atoms in a redox reaction Oxidation ✔✔When an atom loses electrons during a reaction Reduction ✔✔When an atom gains electrons during a reaction Oxidizing Agent ✔✔A substance in a redox reaction that causes another substance to be oxidized and is reduced in the processReducing Agent ✔✔A substance in a redox reaction that causes another substance to be reduced and is oxidized in the process Spectator Ions ✔✔The ions in a double replacement reaction that do not precipitate Net Ionic Equation ✔✔The equation of a double replacement reaction that does not include spectator ions The land bridge that the first humans crossed over ✔✔Bering strait (Beringia) 2 native civilizations to last till the Europeans ✔✔Olmecs and Myans 2 European civilizations ✔✔Inca and Aztecs Early north American native peoples lived in pueblos and their other name was the "mound builders" ✔✔Anasazi New England colonies ✔✔New Hampshire Massachusetts Connecticut Rhode island Middle colonies ✔✔New York PennsylvaniaNew Jersey Delaware Southern colonies ✔✔Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia main crop for the early people ✔✔maze (corn) atlatl ✔✔the main weapon the native Texans used 4 cultural groups ✔✔Eastern peoples Plains peoples Pueblo peoples Gulf peoples Eastern people ✔✔called Caddo indians have cone shaped structures and the most advanced people Plains people ✔✔called Lipan apache thay have 6 tribes farmers in the summer and hunters in the winterGulf people ✔✔called Karankawa live near the shores mainly fished, very warlike, were cannibals Puebloen people ✔✔called the Jamano, adobe buildings First 4 countries (nation states) ✔✔Spain Portugal France England The vikings are from ✔✔Scandinavia the boats they used were called ✔✔long boats Leif Erikson ✔✔led the exploration and found vinland the 3 boats led by Christopher Columbus ✔✔Nina Pinta Santa Maria Protestant of Reformation ✔✔nailed 95 complaints onto a church Joint stock companies ✔✔an investor bought stock or part ownership of a companyJohn Rolfe ✔✔brought us Tabaco seeds Head right system ✔✔a land grant 50 acres of land to people who pay over 15 years. Plymoth colony ✔✔for religious reasons people get on to the mayflower and get blown north and sailed into Cape cod bay and created the Mayflower Contract. parliment ✔✔body with power of principle government Albany plan of Union ✔✔colonists realized the war with French, we ask for allies with the Iroquois. The Stamp Act ✔✔proposed by the minister on any piece of paper you need to buy a stamp Boston Tea Party ✔✔when the people did not like the tax on tea so they dumped all the tea from inside of the boats into the water important US mountain range at the east of the Mississippi river ✔✔The Appalachian Mountains constitutional convention ✔✔to protect property rights and to pay off debt and land policies.Shays Rebellion ✔✔a rebellion of farmers because of taxes three fifths compromise ✔✔every 5 slaves count as 3 people federalism ✔✔political power divided into national and federal government The first president ✔✔George Washington 3 types of governmental power ✔✔Enumerated Reserved Conccurent State department ✔✔handles foreign affairs Secretary of state ✔✔Thomas Jefferson Treasury department ✔✔Alexander Hamilton War department ✔✔Henery Knox Hamilton's debt plan ✔✔to pay back debt for the colonies and the state speculator ✔✔someone who risks their money to make more laterSectionalism ✔✔shows favor to 1 section over the other whiskey rebellion ✔✔put taxes on whiskey got the farmers mad and turned into a rebellion French Revolution ✔✔the french did not like the monarchy Proclamation of neutrality ✔✔proclaimed we are partial to both Jays treaty ✔✔British would move their forts but would not stop impressment Earliest Americans ✔✔nomadic, hunter-gatherers Anasazi ✔✔the mound builders live in the 4 corners and cliff dwellers Columbus(from Spain) ✔✔Discovered Americas in 1492 Magellan(from Spain) ✔✔Sailed around the world, died on the way De Soto(from Spain) ✔✔explored the southern area, died and was dropped in the Mississippi Cornado(from Spain) ✔✔found fluffy cows (buffalo)Cabeza De Vaca (from Spain) ✔✔stranded in Texas, starts the legends of The seven cities of Sebola Cartier(France) ✔✔found Saint Lawrence river an NW passage La Salle (France) ✔✔sailed the Mississippi to Saint Louis Cabot(England) ✔✔Discovers Newfound Land Hudson(England) ✔✔Hudson bay and river Motivation for exploration ✔✔Gold Glory God Mission Persidio ✔✔the Spaniards thought that the French would attack them so they got friars and solders to stay in forts and spread the Spanish culture to the people Jamestown ✔✔first successful English colony Slavery ✔✔is a life long worker Indentured slaves ✔✔have contracts for workingBacon's Rebellion ✔✔don't think they are protected from the Indians so they rebel Boston Massacre ✔✔one solder is getting harassed by citizens so he gets other solders in case the crowd became more violent and citizens were getting shot. Patriots vs Loyalists ✔✔patriots were 35 percent while the loyalists were 25 percent Crossing the Delaware ✔✔after Christmas in the morning we attack the sleeping Hessians and we win the battle Continental congress ✔✔issues the suffock resolves action: Transitive ✔✔The batter hit the ball. I baked some cookies. I moved the chair. Transitive verbs are action verbs that have an object to receive that action. In the first sentence above, the direct object ball received the action of the verb hit. Apostrophe ✔✔shows possesion ex. Bob's Appositive Phrase ✔✔An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Look at these examples: The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table.Saoirse, a strawberry blonde, is sitting next to Ameeta. Characterization ✔✔Characterization is a literary device that is used step by step in literature to highlight and explain the details about a character in a story. It is in the initial stage where the writer introduces the character with noticeable emergence and then following the introduction of the character, the writer often talks about his behavior; then as the story progresses, the thought-process of the character. The next stage involves the character expressing his opinions and ideas and getting into conversations with the rest of the characters. The final part shows how others in the story respond to the character's personality. Clause ✔✔A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a verb A clause can be usefully distinguished from a phrase, which is a group of related words that does not contain a subject-verb relationship, such as "in the morning" or "running down the street" or "having grown used to this harassment." Comma Mecahnics ✔✔1. Use a comma to separate the elements in a series (three or more things), including the last two. "He hit the ball, dropped the bat, and ran to first base. 2. Use a comma + a little conjunction (and, but, for, nor, yet, or, so) to connect two independent clauses, as in "He hit the ball well, but he ran toward third base." 3. Use a comma to set off introductory elements, as in "Running toward third base, he suddenly realized how stupid he looked." 4. Use a comma to set off parenthetical elements, as in "The Founders Bridge, which spans the Connecticut River, is falling down." 5. Use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives. You could think of this as "That tall, distinguished, good looking fellow" rule (as opposed to "the little old lady"). 6. Use a comma to set off quoted elements. Because we don't use quoted material all the time, even when writing, this is probably the most difficult rule toremember in comma usage. Summing up this argument, Peter Coveney writes, "The purpose and strength of the romantic image of the child had been above all to establish a relation between childhood and adult consciousness." 7. Use commas to set off phrases that express contrast. Some say the world will end in ice, not fire. It was her money, not her charm or personality, that first attracted him. The puppies were cute, but very messy. 8. Typographical Reasons: Between a city and a state [Hartford, Connecticut], a date and the year [June 15, 1997], a name and a title when the title comes after the name [Bob Downey, Professor of English], in long numbers [5,456,783 and $14,682], etc. Although you will often see a comma between a name and suffix — Bob Downey, Jr., Richard Harrison, III — this comma is no longer regarded as necessary by most copy editors, and some individuals — such as Martin Luther King Jr. — never used a co Complex sentence ✔✔A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause. An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence and makes a complete thought and a dependent clause can not stand alone, even though it has a subject and a verb: Because my coffee was too cold, I heated it in the microwave. Compound sentence ✔✔A compound sentence has two independent clauses or sentences. The independent clauses can be joined by a coordinating conjunction (such as "and," "for" and "but") or a semicolon: She did not cheat on the test, for it was not the right thing to do. Compound-Complex sentences ✔✔A compound-complex sentence has one complex sentence joined to a simple sentence with a conjunction: While Tom reads novels, Jack reads comics, but Sam only reads magazines. The complex and simple sentences may be joined by acoordinating conjunction(FANBOYS) orconjunctive adverbs: furthermore, meanwhile, therefore, hence, moreover, thus, however, and nevertheless and Coordinating Conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Conflict ✔✔In literature, a conflict is a literary element that involves a struggle between two opposing forces usually a protagonist and an antagonist: Another kind of external conflict sets a character against the evil that dominates a society. In such kind of conflict, a character may confront a dominant group with opposing priorities. For instance, in Harper Lee's novel "To Kill a Mockingbird", an honest lawyer Atticus Finch goes up against the racist society in which he lives. Atticus has the courage to defend a black man, Tom Robinson, who has been falsely accused of a murder. Though Atticus has the support of a few like-minded people, most of the town express their disapproval of his defense of a black man. Connotation v. Denotation ✔✔Connotation and Denotation are two principal methods of describing the meanings of words. Connotation refers to the wide array of positive and negative associations that most words naturally carry with them it is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word, whereas denotation is the precise, literal definition of a word that might be found in a dictionary. Example of connotation and Denotation is comparing cheap to inexpensive. Contextual understanding ✔✔Anything beyond the specific words of a literary work that may be relevant to understanding the meaning. Contexts may be economic, social, cultural, historical, literary, biographical, etc. The political context of the rule of Elizabeth and James, the religious context of Calivinism, the social context of homosexual relations and cross-dressing and the literary context of Renaissance literature, for example, all have significant implications for understanding the words of Shakespeare.Dependent/subordinate ✔✔A subordinate clause—also called a dependent clause—will begin with a subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun and will contain both a subject and a verb. This combination of words will not form a complete sentence. It will instead make a reader want additional information to finish the thought. Dependent/subordinate adverbs ✔✔What Are Adverbial Clauses? (with Examples) An adverbial clause (or an adverb clause) is a group of words which plays the role of an adverb. (Like all clauses, an adverbial clause will contain a subject and a verb.) For example: Keep hitting the gong hourly. (normal adverb) Keep hitting the gong until I tell you to stop. (adverbial clause) In the examples above, the normal adverb and adverbial clause both tell us when the gong is to be hit. They are both adverbs of time. All adverbs (including adverbial clauses) can usually be categorized as one of the following: How, When, Where, Why, To What Extent? Under What Condition? Determining Function Of text as a whole ✔✔ Elements of fiction ✔✔Plot, Setting, Character, Conflict, Symbol, and Point of View are the main elements which fiction writers use to develop a story and its Theme Explaining effects of literary strategies and Devices ✔✔Literary devices are the tools and techniques of language that authors use to convey meaning. Skilled useof literary devices brings richness and clarity to a text. They add layers of meaning. Rather than simply stating the facts, authors hint at and disguise some of it, so that the reader must figure things out for him/herself. Some also add beauty to writing. Authors have to keep their readers interested in their long story by making personifications, comparisons, metaphors, etc. If it was just simply stating what happens without comparing it to something else more exciting, it would be a very boring story and reader would lose interest. It also evokes emotion and feelings to the readers. Fact vs opinion ✔✔A statement of FACT can be proved TRUE or FALSE. A statement of OPINION is what someone believes or thinks. There may or may not be a good reason to think this way. Words that give you clues that a statement is an opinion are believe, like, and should Hyperbole ✔✔A hyperbole is an extreme exaggeration used to make a point. It is like the opposite of "understatement." It is from a Greek word meaning "excess." Hyperboles can be found in literature and oral communication. They would not be used in nonfiction works, like medical journals or research papers; but, they are perfect for fictional works, especially to add color to a character or humor to the story. Hyperboles are comparisons, like similes and metaphors, but are extravagant and even ridiculous: "I've told you a million times", "It was so cold, I saw polar bears wearing jackets", I had a ton of homework; Her brain is the size of a pea. metaphor ✔✔As defined in our glossary, a metaphor is a figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two different things that actually have something important in common. The word metaphor itself is a metaphor, coming from a Greek word meaning to "transfer" or "carry across." Metap