ANTH 170C1Exam 1 Homework 1-6

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ANTH 170C1Exam 1 Homework 1-6 Homework 1 Chapter 4: Mammalian Antecedents Question: What does the history of life on earth have to do with human evolution? Choose all that apply. Question: ... If you found a fossil hominin (an ancestor or relative to homo sapiens) that you know to be between 3-7 million years old based on the traits that you are able to see in the skeleton, which type of dating could you use to try and narrow down the age of your fossil? Choose all that apply. Question: Different type of vertebrates such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals all have different ways of reproducing (passing on genes). What is one of the main differences in the way that amphibians reproduce compared with reptiles? Question: In what class of vertebrate are humans? Question: Compared with reptiles, mammals are Question: What does the author mean when he says that compared with reptile and fish, mammals are more efficient at reproduction? Question: Mammals are Question: As you read about the lineage of organisms that eventually led to humans (including fish ancestors that lived between 570-280 million years ago, followed by amphibian ancestors, reptilian ancestors living between 223-135 million years ago, and finally mammalian ancestors living between 65 million years ago to almost present day), what pattern do you notice in terms of the energy that a mother invests into her offspring? Question: What are the Genus and species of humans? (The first letter of a genus name is always capitalized while the first letter of a species name is always written in lower case, both words are italicized). Answer: Homo sapiens Question: According to this chapter, how far back can we trace human ancestors Homework 2 Chapter 1: Development of Evolutionary Theory and Biological Anthropology Question: Ideas about how species came to be what they are today went through several different phases before Charles Darwin wrote The Origin of Species, which explains our current best explanation (almost certainly the correct explanation) for how species got to be the way they are. As you read, match the idea or concept with the person who came up with it. A. James Ussher John Ray B. Carolus Linnaeus C. Georges-Louis Leclerc or Buffon D. Erasmus Darwin E. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck F. Georges Cuvier G. Charles Lyell H. Thomas Robert Malthus I. Charles Darwin J. Alfred Russel Wallace Question: In order for natural selection to occur there must be _____ within a population such that not all organisms are the same. These differences between individuals originally arise from genetic _____ which are then passed on from parent to offspring. Question: Match the subdiscipline of biological anthropology with the correct description. A. Paleoanthropology B. Primatology C. Evolutionary Behavioral Ecology D. Human Adaptation E. Human Genetics F. Human Osteology G. Applied Anthropology H. Forensic Anthropology Question: Evolution/Natural selection is a process whereby populations and species change over time. Evolution/Natural selection is one of the mechanisms for this change along with gene flow (migration) and genetic drift (chance differences). Homework 3 Chapter 5: Living Primates Question: What is meant by this partial sentence: “Humans share a common evolutionary history with other primates…”? A. Human ancestors that lived between 5 and 60 million years ago made a living in a similar way and looked similar to the ancestors of the other living primates. B. Human share ancestors with all of the living primates, and these common ancestors lived between 5 and 60 million years ago. The first of these primate ancestors gave rise to humans as well as all of the other primate species alive today. Question: Although the author states that “Prosimians… are the most ancient primates, whose descendants possess a mixture of primitive traits as well as derived or advanced features…”, prosimians are alive today which means that they are not “ancient”, but instead are just as modern as humans. Which of the following is an accurate statement about prosimians? Question: Knowing a little bit about the different primates species is helpful for understanding human evolution because you can then compare and contrast traits and think about what sorts of environments select for specific traits. Which of the following was not a trait of Lemurs described in the "Lemur" section you just read? Question: Which of the following are traits that distinguish lorises from lemurs? Question: Tarsiers are different from lemurs and lorises who eat insects and either fruit or leaves, because they supplement their insect diet with which of the following? Question: Which Old World monkeys generally live in large social groups? Question: A large degree of sexual dimorphism means that: Question: Which of the following is not a hominoid? Question: Match the group composition with the correct hominoid. (In all primates, dependent offspring stay with their mothers). Question: Much of primate morphology reflects the adaptations of primates and their ancestors to life in the trees. In your opinion, do the adaptations described for life in the trees such as the ability to rotate the forearm and move the clavicle, and grasping hands and feet, reflect specialized or generalized features for navigating through their environment? Answer: Question: What are teeth and what can they tell us about diet relevant to primate evolution? Question: Which of the following are presented as hypotheses as to why color vision evolved in primates? (choose all that apply) Question: Which answer is provides the most accurate responses for the following blanks? Compared with other mammals, how do primates rank in terms of: vision? _____ hearing? _____ sense of smell? _____ parts of the brain associated with touch and movement? Homework 4 Chapter 7: Fossil Evidence for the Emergence of Primates Question: The earliest primates had adaptations for binocular vision (eyes on the front of their face with overlapping fields of vision) but did not have grasping feet? Question: Where were the earliest creatures that have been classified as primates, and are described in this book, found? Question: Assign each of the following primate traits, found in early primates, to the correct type of primate, either prosimians, anthropoids, or both prosimians and anthropoids A. Postorbital bar B. Postorbital plate C. Forward-facing eyes D. Small snouts compared with other types of mammals E. Elongated digits (fingers and toes) with nails instead of claws F. The two halves of the jaw are fused (one bone) G. The two halves of the jaw are connected by ligaments H. Rounder brain cases compared with other types of mammals Question: What feature separates early hominoids (apes) from other primate lineages? Homework 5 Chapter 6: Primate Behavioral Ecology Question: Match the definition to the correct term A. Altruism B. Kin Selection C. Reciprocal Altruism Question: If costs are measured in the numbers of gene copies that an individual passes on to future generations, are kin selection and reciprocal altruism really examples of altruism? Question: The mother-infant bond in primates can be distinguished from other mammals in that, only in primates do: Question: K-selection (the opposite of “r-selection”) is the evolutionary strategy whereby organisms: Question: Add the correct sex (males/females) to each blank: Fertile _____ are generally a limiting resource for _____ reproduction. Question: The patches of skin on the rumps of female cercopithecines, colobines, and great apes that swell when a female is in estrus are: Question: Infanticide will generally be advantageous for male primates who have newly taken over a group from another male, especially when the infants are not close to weaning age? Question: If a new male in the group kills a female's infant, the behavior that will help her to pass on the most genes is probably to Question: Primates with which type of mating structure are likely to have higher levels of sexual dimorphism in terms of body size? Question: Choose the correct word for each blank: (small/large) primates who have higher metabolic requirements generally eat foods that are (easier/harder) to digest. These types of diets are referred to as (low/high) quality diets. Question: Which types of primates tend to live in more stable social groups: Homework 6 Chapter 8: Evolution of the Digestive System of Omnivores Question: The saliva of all mammals contains the enzyme amylase? Question: In the stomach food is (absorbed/broken down), while in the small intestine food products are (absorbed/broken down). Question: Food reaches the stomach in a mass called a (chyme/bolus). Food exits the stomach in a mass called a (chyme/bolus). Question: Which digestive organ is longer? Question: Which digestive organ has a larger diameter? Question: Vertebrates, including humans, other primates, and other mammals, do not produce the enzymes that digest cellulose, the main carbohydrate found in plant materials. In order for vertebrates to extract energy from cellulose they must house microbes (bacteria) that can digest cellulose through the process of fermentation, somewhere in their digestive system. Whereas hind-gut fermenters (monogastric fermenters) house these bacteria in their (large intestine/stomach), multigastirc fermenters (ruminants) house these bacteria in their (large intestine/stomach)? Question: To survive and reproduce all organisms need a source of energy (fat and/or carbohydrates) and a source of amino acids (protein). Hind-gut fermenters get their protein by: Question: Ruminants get their protein by: Question: While (howler/spider) monkeys obtain a higher proportion of the nutrients from the food that they eat, it takes them much longer to digest their food. On the other hand (howler/spider) monkeys digest their food more rapidly but are still able to get enough calories by selecting foods that are easier to digest (have less fiber). Question: A large proportion of the human digestive tract consists of the small intestine. This indicates that humans have a (high/low) quality diet, which is a diet that is (low/high) in fiber, because fiber (is/is not) digested in the small intestine. Question: Which of the following diets would require more time and energy to digest: Question: Although humans have a very high-quality diet compared with most primates, we may have taken this too far and now many humans do not eat enough fiber. Why do we need fiber in our diets? [Show More]

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