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Following overnight fasting, hypoglycemia in adults is defined as a glucose of: - ✔✔

Following overnight fasting, hypoglycemia in adults is defined as a glucose of: - ✔✔<45 mg/dL (<2.5 mmol/L) Diagnosis of hypoglycemia in adults. The following results are from a 21-year-old patient with a back injury who appears otherwise healthy: whole blood glucose: 77 mg/dL (4.2 mmol/L) serum glucose: 88 mg/dL (4.8 mmol/L) CSF glucose: 56 mg/dL (3.1 mmol/L) The best interpretation of these results is that: - ✔✔all values are consistent with a normal healthy individual The preparation of a patient for standard glucose tolerance testing should include: - ✔✔a high carbohydrate diet for 3 days If a fasting glucose was 90 mg/dL, which of the following 2-hr postprandial glucose results would most closely represent normal glucose metabolism? - ✔✔100 mg/dL (5.5 mmol/L) Normal 2-hour postprandial value.A healthy person with a blood glucose of 80 mg/dL (4.4 mmol/L) would have a simultaneously determined cerebrospinal fluid glucose value of. - ✔✔50 mg/dL (2.3 mmol/L) A 25-year-old man became nauseated and vomited 90 minutes after receiving a standard 75 g carbohydrate dose for an oral glucose tolerance test. The best course of action is to. - ✔✔draw blood for glucose and discontinue test Use of partial GTT information. Cerebrospinal fluid for glucose assay should be: a refrigerated - ✔✔analyzed immediately Which of the following 2 hour postprandial glucose values demonstrates unequivocal hyperglycemia diagnostic for diabetes mellitus? - ✔✔200 mg/dL (11.0 mmol/L) Serum levels that define hypoglycemia in pre-term or low birth weight infants are: - ✔✔lower than adults A 45-year-old woman has a fasting serum glucose concentration of 95 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L) and a 2-hr postprandial glucose concentration of 105 mg/dL (5.8 mmol/L). The statement which best describes this patient's fasting serum glucose concentration is: - ✔✔normal; reflecting glycogen breakdown by the liverPregnant women with symptoms of thirst, urination or unexplained weight loss should have which of the following tests performed? - ✔✔glucose tolerance test In the fasting state, the arterial and capillary blood glucose concentration varies from the venous glucose concentration by approximately how many mg/dL (mmol/L)? - ✔✔5 mg/dL (0.27 mmol/L) higher The conversion of glucose or other hexoses into lactate or pyruvate is called: - ✔✔glycolysis Which one of the following values obtained during a glucose tolerance test are diagnostic of diabetes mellitus? - ✔✔fasting plasma glucose = 126 mg/dL (6.9 mmol/L) Monitoring long-term glucose control in patients with adult onset diabetes mellitus can best be accomplished by measuring: - ✔✔hemoglobin A1c A patient with Type I, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus has the following results: Test Patient Reference Range fasting blood glucose: 150 mg/dL (8.3 mmol/L) 70-110 mg/dL (3.9-6.1 mmol/L) hemoglobin A1c: 8.5% 4.0%-6.0% fructosamine: 2.5 mmol/L 2.0-2.9 mmol/L After reviewing these test results, the technologist concluded that the patient is in a: - ✔✔improving state of metabolic control as indicated by fructosamineTotal glycosylated hemoglobin levels in a hemolysate reflect the: - ✔✔average blood glucose levels of the past 2-3 months Which of the following hemoglobins has glucose-6-phosphate on the amino-terminal valine in the beta chain? - ✔✔A1C A patient with hemolytic anemia will: - ✔✔show a decrease in glycated Hgb value In using ion-exchange chromatographic methods, falsely increased levels of Hgb A1C might be demonstrated in the presence of: - ✔✔Hgb S An increase in serum acetone is indicative of a defect in the metabolism of. - ✔✔carbohydrates An infant with diarrhea is being evaluated for a carbohydrate intolerance. His stool yields a positive copper reduction test and a pH of 5.0. It should be concluded that: - ✔✔a further tests are indicated Blood samples were collected at the beginning of an exercise class and after thirty minutes of aerobic activity. Which of the following would be most consistent with the post-exercise sample? - ✔✔elevated lactic acid, elevated pyruvate What is the best method to diagnose lactase deficiency? - ✔✔H2 breath testThe expected blood gas results for a patient in chronic renal failure would match the pattern of: - ✔✔metabolic acidosis Severe diarrhea causes? - ✔✔metabolic acidosis The following blood gas results were obtained: pH: 7.18 P02: 86 mm Hg PCO2: 60 mm Hg 02 saturation: 92% HC03: 7921 mEq/L (21 mmol/L) TC02: 23 mEq/L (23 mmol/L) base excess: -8.0 mEq/L (-8.0 mmol/L) The patient's results are compatible with which of the following? - ✔✔emphysema Factors that contribute to a PCO2 electrode requiring 60-120 seconds to reach equilibrium include the: - ✔✔diffusion characteristics of the membrane An emphysema patient suffering from fluid accumulation in the alveolar spaces is likely to be in what metabolic state? - ✔✔a respiratory acidosisAt blood pH 7.40, what is the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid? - ✔✔20:1 The reference range for the pH of arterial blood measured at 37°C is? - ✔✔7.35-7.45 A 68-year-old man arrives in the emergency room with a glucose level of 722 mg dL (39.7 mmol/L) and serum acetone of 4+ undiluted. An arterial blood gas from this patient - ✔✔a low pH A patient is admitted to the emergency room in a state of metabolic alkalosis. Which of the following would be consistent with this diagnosis? - ✔✔high TC02, increased HCO3 A person suspected of having metabolic alkalosis would have which of the following laboratory findings? - ✔✔CO2 content and pH elevated Metabolic acidosis is described as a(n): - ✔✔decrease in CO2 content and PC02 with a decreased pH Respiratory acidosis is described as a(n): - ✔✔increase in CO2 content and PCO2 with a decreased pH A common cause of respiratory alkalosis is: - ✔✔hyperventilation Acidosis and alkalosis are best defined as fluctuations in blood pH and C02 content due to changes in: - ✔✔bicarbonate bufferA blood gas sample was sent to the lab on ice, and a bubble was present in the syringe. The blood had been exposed to room air for at least 30 minutes. The following change in blood gases will occur: - ✔✔P02 increased/HC03 decreased The following laboratory results were obtained: Serum electrolytes sodium: 136 mEq/L (136 mmol/L) potassium: 4.4 mEq/L (4.4 mmol/L) chloride: 92 mEq/L (92 mmol/L) bicarbonate: 40 mEq/L (40 mmol/L) Arterial blood pH: 7.32 PCO2: 79 mm Hg These results are most compatible with: - ✔✔respiratory acidosis Select the test which evaluates renal tubular function, - ✔✔osmolarity A patient had the following serum results: Na+: 140 mEq/L (140 mmol/L) K+: 4.0 mEq/L (4.0 mmol/L) glucose: 95 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L)BUN: 10 mg/dL (3.57 mmol/L) Which osmolality is consistent with these results? - ✔✔270 The degree to which the kidney concentrates the glomerular filtrate can be determined by: - ✔✔urine to serum osmolality ratio Osmolal gap is the difference between: - ✔✔calculated and measured osmolality values. The most important buffer pair in plasma is the: - ✔✔bicarbonate/carbonic acid pair Quantitation of Na+ and K+ by ion-selective electrode is the standard method because: - ✔✔of advances in electrochemistry What battery of tests is most useful in evaluating an anion gap of 22 mEq/L (22 mmol/L)? - ✔✔BUN, creatinine, salicylate and methanol A patient with myeloproliferative disorder has the following values Hgb: 13 g/dL (130 mmol/L) Hct: 38% WBC: 30 x 103/|JL (30 x 109/L) platelets: 1000 x 103/pL (1000 x 109/L)serum Na+: 140 mEq/L (140 mmol/L) serum K+: 7 mEq/L (7 mmol/L) The serum K+ should be confirmed by: - ✔✔testing heparinized plasma Most of the carbon dioxide present in blood is in the form of. - ✔✔bicarbonate ion Serum "anion gap" is increased in patients with: - ✔✔lactic acidosis The anion gap is useful for quality control of laboratory results for: - ✔✔sodium, potassium, chloride, and total CO2 The buffering capacity of blood is maintained by a reversible exchange process between bicarbonate and: - ✔✔chloride In respiratory acidosis, a compensatory mechanism is the increase in: - ✔✔plasma bicarbonate concentration Which of the following electrolytes is the chief plasma cation whose main function is maintaining osmotic pressure? - ✔✔sodium A potassium level of 6.8 mEq/L (6.8 mmol/L) is obtained. before reporting the result s, the first step the technologist should take is to: - ✔✔check the serum for hemolysisThe solute that contributes the most to the total serum osmolality is' - ✔✔sodium A sweat chloride result of 55 mEq/L (55 mmol/L) and a sweat sodium of 52 mEq/L (52 mmol/L) were obtained on a patient who has a history of respiratory problems. The best interpretation of these results is: - ✔✔normal sodium and an abnormal chloride test should be repeated Which of the following is true about direct ion selective electrodes for electrolytes? - ✔✔whole blood specimens are acceptable Sodium determination by indirect ion selective electrode is falsely decreased by: - ✔✔elevated lipid levels A physician requested that electrolytes on a multiple myeloma patient specimen be run by direct ISE and not indirect ISE because: - ✔✔Na is falsely decreased by indirect ISE Which percentage of total serum calcium is nondiffusible protein bound? - ✔✔40%-50% Calcium concentration in the serum is regulated by: - ✔✔parathyroid hormone The regulation of calcium and phosphorous metabolism is accomplished by which of t