VM 535 Repro 2 Exam 1 | Verified with 100% Correct Answers Which of the following is a long-day breeder? a. Bitch b. Mare c. Cow d. Sheep The corpus luteum is the predominant ovarian structure during this stage of the
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VM 535 Repro 2 Exam 1 | Verified with 100% Correct Answers Which of the following is a long-day breeder? a. Bitch b. Mare c. Cow d. Sheep The corpus luteum is the predominant ovarian structure during this stage of the estrous cycle? a. Metestrus b. Estrus c. Diestrus d. Proestrus Along with producing estradiol, what hormone does the dominant follicle produce that has negative feedback on FSH production? a. GnRH b. LH c. Testosterone d. Inhibin What process is enhanced by the utero-ovarian vascular countercurrent transport mechanism? a. Luteolysis b. Luteinization c. Senescence d. Ovulation What process lead to the descent of the testicle into the scrotum? a. Antagonism of anti-Mullerian hormone b. Insertion of the intestinal tract into the inguinal ring c. Relaxation of the gubernaculum d. Shrinkage of the gubernaculum Leydig cells secrete which of the following? a. LH and testosterone b. DHT and estradiol c. Estradiol and testosterone d. LH and estradiol Which species have a penis with a sigmoid flexure? - cattle - small ruminants - pigs Testosterone is secreted by: a. leydig cells b. sertoli cells c. vesicular glands d. bulbourethral gland What would happen if the mesonephric (Wolffian) duct regressed in the female? a. this is normal - a phenotypically normal female will develop b. the cervix would not be present c. the uterus would not be present d. the ureters would not be present The development of the penis, scrotum, and accessory sex glands is under the control of: a. inhibin b. Di-hydrotestosterone c. antimullerian hormone d. gonadotropin releasing hormone What protein binds to estradiol and prevents it from crossing the blood-brain barrier? a. alpha-fetoprotein b. lipoprotein c. kisspeptin d. transferrin Which of the following criteria is the most appropriate practical definition of puberty in the female? a. the age when a pregnancy can be successfully supported b. age at first menses c. age at first ovulation d. age at first estrus Name (5) external factors that may influence the onset of puberty in female - nutrition - season of birth - photoperiod - size of social groups - presence of male Which of the following criteria is the most appropriate practical definition of puberty in the male? a. Expression of reproductive behavior b. 1st ejaculation c. 1st spermatozoa in ejaculate d. Sufficient sperm for pregnancy Which stage of the estrous cycle has the peak estrogen secretion in horses? a. Metestrus b. Diestrus c. Estrus d. Proestrus The corpus luteum is the predominant ovarian structure during this stage of the estrous cycle? a. Metestrus b. Diestrus c. Estrus d. Proestrus What is the fate of most follicles throughout a female's reproductive life? Atresia The theca interna cells of the antral follicle synthesize and secrete which hormone? a. FSH b. Inhibin c. Estradiol d. Testosterone Which hormone directly brings about ovulation via weakening of the follicle wall and increased follicular pressure? a. Inhibin b. FSH c. Estrogen d. PGF2alpha e. LH During oocyte maturation, the primary oocyte is arrested in meiotic prophase until what event occurs? Puberty; LH surge Which species is an induced ovulator? a. Mare b. Cow c. Bitch d. Queen What ovarian structure is most associated with progesterone? a. Germinal epithelium b. Corpus luteum c. Tertiary follicle d. Secondary follicle Give the order of events in the luteal phase a. Synthesis and secretion of P4, ovulation, luteolysis, luteinization b. Ovulation, synthesis and secretion of P4, luteinization, luteolysis c. Ovulation, luteinization, synthesis and secretion of P4, luteolysis d. Synthesis and secretion of P4, luteolysis, luteinization, ovulation To allow for optimal spermatogenesis, the testes of a male should be a. The same temperature as the body b. 4-6 degree C warmer than the body c. 4-6 degree C cooler than the body d. The same temperature as the environment Name (5) scrotal conditions that may affect thermoregulation of the testes? - Hernia - Fever - Testicular adhesions - Tumor - Hydrocele Fertile sperm are stored in which part of the male reproductive tract? a. Seminiferous tubules b. Ductus deferens c. Tail of the epididymis d. Pelvic urethra The blood-testis barrier is formed between the cells of the basal compartment and which cells? a. Sertoli cells b. Leydig cells c. Spermatids d. Spermatogonia The developing germ cell types, in the order of least to most mature, include: a. Leydig cells, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa b. Primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatogonia, spermatids, spermatozoa c. Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa, spermatogonia d. Spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa Which cells undergo meiosis? a. Spermatogonia b. Spermatids c. Spermatozoa d. Primary spermatocytes In the male, LH pulses last 10-20 minutes 4-8 times per day. If the LH pulses lasted for hours, what would likely occur overtime? a. Elevated testosterone secretion b. Reduced testosterone secretion c. No change in testosterone secretion What is the dominant ovarian structure during diestrus? Corpus luteum What is the most definitive sign of estrus in a cow? standing firmly to be mounted Sperm are fertile once they reach this part of the male reproductive tract Tail of epididymis What would likely happen if the gubernaculum did not develop? Cryptorchidism Tight junctions preserve the blood testis barrier and link which cells? Sertoli cells Domestic ruminants have 90-120 of these structures while deer only have 6. Caruncles What provides antibodies in the first few days postpartum to the neonatal calf? Colostrum In the mare, between day 45-120 of gestation, endometrial cups produce what? eCG (equine chorionic gonadotropin) Interferon tau is the molecule of maternal recognition of pregnancy in what species? Bovine... Tau? More like cow Exogenous administration of this will cause luteolysis in the mare? Prostaglandin (PGF2alpha) What is the condition in female fetuses born twin to a male is characterized by varying degrees of masculinization and abnormalities of the paramesonephric duct? Freemartinism Which cell is the primary target cell for oxytocin in the mammary gland? Myoepithelium The California Mastitis test (CMT) detects mastitis by identifying what in milk? somatic cell count What hormonal assay can be used to diagnose pregnancy in dogs? Relaxin What hormone decreases in response to increased photoperiod to stimulate cycling in the mare? melatonin This competitive progesterone antagonist can be administered to multiple species as a means of treating progesterone-dependent physiological or pathological conditions, including termination of pregnancy, inducing parturition, scheduling elective cesarean sections, and management of pyometra. a. Medroxyprogesterone acetate b. Aglepristone c. Finasteride d. Altrenogest Which of the following drugs is FDA approved for suppression of estrus in mares? a. Methyprednisolone acetate b. Methyltesosteron c. Trihydroxy-medroprogesterone d. Altrenogest What drug listed below is a prostaglandin analogue that causes regression of the corpus luteum in beef cattle which results in estrus in 2-5 days after injection in cycling animals? a. Estrogen depot injection b. Luprolide acetate injection c. Cloprostenol injection d. Medroxyprogesterone acetate Which of the following two drugs are FDA approved to synchronize estrous cycles to allow for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in lactating dairy cattle? a. Medroxyprogesterone acetate and Dinoprost injection b. Gonadorelin and Luprolide injection c. Dinoprost injection and Gonadorelin injection d. Luprolide acetate and Dinoprost injection The luteal phase is initiated by ovulation and the formation of a corpus luteum. What hormone is produced by the corpus luteum? a. Progesterone b.Prostaglandin c. Estrogen d. Equine chorionic gonadotropin What leads to luteolysis? a. Progesterone b. Prostaglandin c. Estrogen d. Human chorionic gonadotropin What is the primary sign of estrus in cattle? a. Vocalizing and an increase in activity mucous discharge from the vulva c. Standing firmly to be mounted by other cows d. Mounting other cows Since estrus behavior in cattle correlates well to the timing of the LH peak and ovulation, AI (artificial insemination) should be performed at _________hours after the onset of estrus. a. 24 b. 12 c. 18 d. 2 Which statement is TRUE with regard to an estrus synchronization protocol in cattle? a. It eliminates the need for traditional methods of estrus detection b. It can be implemented as a management tool to increase reproductive efficiency c. It is achieved by administering exogenous progesterone and estradiol at specific times d. It is effective in initiating cyclicity in anestrus cows The testicle has inhibin producing cells that decrease the production of FSH by the adenohypophysis, such cells are: a. Spermatogonia b. Leydig cells c. Sertoli cells d. Spermatids What stimulates the sertoli cells? FSH What do sertoli cells secrete? inhibin and androgen binding protein List the progression of sperm development Primordial Germ Cell -> Spermatogonium -> Primary Spermatocyte -> Secondary Spermatocyte -> Spermatids (=Spermatozoa) (PS-PSS like you're talking to a cat) What is Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH)? Hormone produced by developing sertoli cells in the testis that causes breakdown of Müllerian (female) ducts in the embryo What is the target tissue of GnRH? The anterior pituitary -> causes release of FSH and LH from AP What is the target tissue of LH in females? theca interna cells and the luteal cells of the ovary What are the (2) primary actions of LH in females? - stimulates ovulation - formation of corpus lutea and progesterone secretion What is the primary action of LH in males? stimulates testosterone production (via effects of Leydig cells) LH = Leydig -> L for Leydig, L for LH What is the target tissue of prostaglandin? Corpus luteum – follicle What is the target tissue of progesterone? Uterus -> function is to prepare uterus for fetus/maintains pregnancy What is the target tissue of FSH in males? Sertoli cells of the testes What is the target tissue of FSH in females? granulosa cells of the ovary What produces the blood-testis barrier? sertoli cells If you are in the indifferent stage and then you are exposed to Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH) and testosterone, what do you end up as? Male If you are in the indifferent stage and then you are not exposed to Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH) and testosterone, what do you end up as? Female If you are in the indifferent stage and then you are not exposed to Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH) and you are exposed to testosterone, what do you end up as? Hermaphrodite Where does MIH (aka AMH) come from? sertoli cells Where does testosterone come from? leydig cells Given a definition, identify the term: A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary in response to GnRH. It promotes follicular development in the female, and Sertoli cell function in the male Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Given a definition, identify the term: A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary that causes ovulation and subsequent development and maintenance of the corpus luteum. In the male, it causes Leydig cells to produce testosterone Luteinizing hormone (LH) What is the target tissue of LH in males? specifically the interstitial cells of leydig of the testes In sex differentiation, what is the role of testosterone? The presence of testosterone stabilizes the Wolffian ducts, which differentiate into the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles What is the primary hormone of the follicular phase? a. progesterone b. prostaglandin c. estradiol d. oxytocin The fetal ovary secretes estradiol. The reason that the surge center is not defeminized in the female fetus is because _______________ prevents estrogen from crossing the blood brain barrier Alpha fetoprotein What controls the pre-ovulatory surge of GnRH? the surge center What controls the basal levels of GnRH? the tonic center BASAL? More like Basil in your Gin and tonic (GnRH) Do males develop a GnRH surge center? No. The male has testosterone produced that DOES NOT bind to Alpha fetoprotein, therefore it can pass through blood-brain barrier and cause defeminization of the surge center (why males only have tonic center What stimulates GnRH release from the tonic center? low estradiol and low progesterone (simultaneously, repressing GnRH release from surge center) What stimulates GnRH release from the surge center? high estradiol and low progesterone What respresses GnRH release from the surge center? low estradiol and low progesterone (simultaneously, stimulating GnRH release from tonic center) What does progesterone inhibit? Inhibits GnRH secretion directly, resulting in (indirect) inhibition of FSH and LH What is the function of LH in females? Luteinizing hormone (LH) acts on the theca interna cells/luteal cells of the ovary to stimulate ovulation, formation of CL, and progesterone secretion What is the function of LH in males? Luteinizing hormone (LH) acts on the Leydig cells of the testis to stimulate testosterone production What is the function of inhibin in females? acts on gonadotrophs of anterior lobe of pituitary to inhibit FSH secretion in both sexes What is LH inhibited by? Progesterone What is the limiting factor on onset of puberty? The failure of the hypothalamus to secrete sufficient GnRH What is the difference between a mare cervix and a cow cervix? cows have cartilaginous rings, horses have vertical folds What is unique about a horses ovary?
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