BIO 189 Midterm Study Guide | Verified with 100% Correct Answers Archaea -Singular, archaeon. -Group of prokary-otes that are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria. Atom Smallest unit of matter. Consists
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BIO 189 Midterm Study Guide | Verified with 100% Correct Answers Archaea -Singular, archaeon. -Group of prokary-otes that are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria. Atom Smallest unit of matter. Consists of varying numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Bacteria Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes Biology The scientific study of life. Cell -Smallest unit of life. -All start out life with a plasma membrane, cytosol, and DNA. Community All populations of all species living in a defined area. Control group In an experiment, a group of individuals identical to an experimental group except for the variable under investigation. Controlled variable Factor in an experiment that scientist purposely keep the same Critical thinking The act of evaluating information before accepting it. Dependent variable The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. DNA -Deoxyribonucleic acid. -Double-stranded nucleic acid that consists of deoxyribose-containing nucleotides. -Carries hereditary information. Experiment Statement, based on a hypothesis, about a condition that should reasonably occur if the hypothesis is correct. Experimental group -In an experiment, a group of individuals who have a certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment. -Tested side by side with a control group. Fungi -Plural, fungi. -Single-celled or multicelled eukaryotic -Consumer that breaks down material outside itself, then absorbs nutrients released from the breakdown. Genus -Plural, genera. -A group of species that share a unique set of traits. -First part of a species name. Homeostasis Process in which cells and multicelled organisms keeps their internal conditions within tolerable ranges by sensing and responding appropriately to change. Independent variable The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. Inheritance Transmission of DNA to offspring. Law of nature Generalization describing a consistent natural phenomenon that has an incomplete scientific explanation. Model Analogous system in an experiment; tested in place of another subject. Molecule Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds. Nutrient A substance that an organism must acquire from the environment to support growth and survival. Organ In multicelled organisms, a structure that consists of tissues engaged in a collective task. Organism Individual that consists of one or more cells. Organ system In multicelled organisms, a set of interacting organs and tissues that carry out one or more body functions. Photosynthesis Metabolic pathway by which most autotrophs use light energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water. Plants -A multicelled eukaryotic producer -Most are photosynthetic and live on land. -Develops from an embryo that forms on the parent and is nourished by it. Protist General term for eukaryote that is not a fungus, plant, or animal. Pseudoscience Claims, arguments, or methods that are presented as science, but do not follow scientific principles. Sampling error Difference between results obtained from a subset, and results obtained from the whole. Science Systematic study of the observable world. Scientific method -Making hypotheses -Evaluating predictions that flow from them -Forming conclusions based on the resulting data. Species Unique type of organism. Of sexual reproducers, often defined as one or more groups of individuals that can potentially interbreed, produce fertile offspring, and do not interbreed with other groups. Designated by genus name and specific epithet. Statistically significant Refers to a result that is statistically very unlikely to have occurred by chance alone. Taxon -Plural, taxa. A rank in the classification of life -Consists of a group of organisms that share a unique set of traits. E.g., domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. Tissue In multicelled organisms, collection of specialized cells organized in a way that allows them to perform a collective function. Traits An inherited characteristic of an organism or species. Variable In an experiment, a characteristic or event that differs among individuals or over time. Describe the variables found within an experiment -Independent -Dependent -Controlled Describe the criteria that qualify a hypothesis for status as a scientific theory. -Stands for many years of systemic challenges -Consistent with existing evidence -Researchers use it to make successful predictions about a wide range of other phenomena How can a sampling error be minimized? - Use high quality sampling method - Increase sample size How can scientists avoid bias? Select a random sampling of people with set preliminary guidelines Quantitative Vs. qualitative results Quantitative -Information about quantities -Measurable outcomes Qualitative -Data is descriptive -Can be observed but not measured A species is a(n) ____________ type of organism. Unique The smallest unit of matter is the __________. Atom The smallest unit of life is the _______. Cell All organisms must acquire ___________ and ___________from the environment to maintain themselves, grow, and reproduce. Nutrients; energy ___________ is the transmission of DNA to offspring. Inheritance __________is a process by which an organism produces offspring. Reproduction By sensing and responding to change, organisms keep conditions in their internal environment within ranges that cells can tolerate. This process is called ____________. Homeostasis A butterfly is a(n)________(choose all that apply). A. Organism B. Domain C. Species D. Eukaryote E. Consumer F. Producer G. Prokaryote A bacterium is________(choose all that apply). A. an organism B. single-celled C. an animal D. a eukaryote Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya are three__________. A. Domains B. Species C. Genera D. Families A control group is ___________. A. a set of individuals that have a certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment B. the standard against which an experimental group is compared C. the experiment that gives conclusive results Five randomly selected university students are found to be taller than 6 feet. The researchers concluded that the average height of a university student is greater than 6 feet. This result is likely to be skewed because of____________. A. experimental error B. sampling error C. a subjective opinion Science addresses only that which is ____ A. alive B. observable C. variable D. indisputable List the levels of organization from smallest to largest -Organ -Ecosystem -Atoms -Tissue -Organ system -Communities -Organisms -Molecule -Population -Cells Atoms>Molecule>Cells>Tissue>Organ>Organ System>Organisms> Population>Communities>Ecosystem Hypothesis vs. Theory -A hypothesis is either a suggested explanation for an observable phenomenon, or a reasoned prediction of a possible causal correlation among multiple phenomena. In science. -A theory is a tested, well-substantiated, unifying explanation for a set of verified, proven factors. What are the 7 characteristics of life? 1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development The branch of biology that names and classifies organisms is known as _________. Taxonomy What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Prokaryotes are an informal name for single-celled organisms with no nucleus Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells characteristically have a nucleus (protists, fungi, plants, and animals). What are the two major classes of prokaryotes? Bacteria and arechaea What are the four main kingdoms of eukaryotes? What does it mean for an organism to be eukaryotic? -Protists -Fungi -Plants -Animals Their cells have a nucleus. Pan paniscus Which part is the genius and which is the species? Genius- Pan Species- Paniscus What is an atom? What are the 3 main components (subatomic particles) that make up atoms? -Basic unit of life -Consist of electrons moving around a nucleus of protons and neutrons. What are the charges of protons, neutrons, and electrons? Where are they located? -Protons are positive, located in the nucleus -Neutrons are neutral, located in the nucleus -Electrons are negative, orbit around the nucleus Covalent bond A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule Ion An atom or molecule that carries a net charge. Isotope Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons Bond polarity A measure of how equally or unequally the electrons in any covalent bond are shared What are the types of bond polarity? - Ionic - Polar Covalent - Nonpolar Covalent Ionic bond Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, each atom retains its full respective charge Polar covalent bond A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally Nonpolar covalent bond A covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms In a solution, the dissolving agent is the _____________ while the substances is the solute. In my morning coffee I like to add dry coffee mate creamer and stir until it has completely dissolved. In this solution, what is the solute and what is the solvent? -Solute Solute- Coffee Mate Creamer Solvent- Coffee Acid A substance that releases hydrogen ions in water, <7 Base A compound that releases hydroxide ions in solution, >7 pH The measure of concentration of H+ in a solution, 0-14 The pH scale is used to describe the H+ and OH- concentration of solutions. This scale ranges for 0 (the most___________) to 14 (the most__________) with a measure of 7 being______________. - Acidic - Basic -Neutral What are the four macromolecules found in all living creatures? What are the monomers of each? -Carbohydrates/ Monosaccharides -Lipids/ Fatty acid & Glycerol -Proteins/ Amino Acids
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