History Midterm essays:

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Short Answer: What were the key differences between China, Islam, Africa, and Europe before 1450? A. Religious and Political distinctions in the Afro-Eurasian world. Spread of Neo-Confucianism i... n China. Schism in Christianity (Once churches divided). Islam: Used slaves for agricultural labor. Agricultural plantation. Conditions for slaves were awful. Caliphate was the political and religious leader. It included the Sharia, Islamic Law. The Sultanate was the monarch. China: Slavery was a punishment for a crime. Under the practice of Han Dynasty. Europe: Church legalized slavery and the two ways people can become slaves was to be a prisoner of war, and be in debt. China and Europe contrast politically: China has centralized government, Europe has many independent separate states. Contrast culturally: China has glorious past and wants to return back to that time while Europe is attempting to turn away from their past. Islam: God Allah, Muslims were followers of their religion. Prayed to one God, five times a day. Africa: Kingdom grew rich in trade and taxed gold and salt. Their wealth came from gold and salt trading by trading on the upper Niger River. 2. What were the key differences between the Early, High, and Late Middle Ages? Early Middle Ages: “Fall of Rome”. Catholic Church, Rise of Islam in Northern Africa and Spain, Crusades, art and architecture. Late Antiquity. High Middle Ages: 1000-1300, balance of power shift. Feudalism declines. Magna Carta. Architecture. Late Middle Ages: Black Death, Thirty Years War, and voyages of Columbus. Guilds. 3. What were the major differences between Portuguese, Spanish, French, Dutch, and English systems of colonization? Portuguese: Different from Spanish colonies: they didn’t have native kingdoms or empires. Did not find gold at first. Also didn’t rely heavy on Native Americans, African slaves. Natives were purged instead of being used as slaves. Spanish: Had the largest colonial empire and centralized political divisions. Larger indigenous population French: Had colonies that didn’t have a lot of natural resources compared to the Spanish and Portugal colonies. They kept Haiti and New France. Haiti was sugar plantations and used many slaves. New France traded fur with the natives Dutch: English: Focused on economic exploitation. Different from Portugal and Spain: British brought many women to start colonization in the new world. In Latin America and Europe, women were rare. 4. What are the differences these Protestant Reformation thinkers: Luther, Calvin, and Henry VII? What was the Catholic Church’s response? Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a monk. Turned him self to religion to cleanse himself. Preached the 95 Theses and statements of belief attacking the church practices. Bible is the sole source of truth. Everybody is equally close to God. Women gain little power by the right to divorce and gain a greater role as the wife of a priest. Calvin: Jean Calvin (1509-1564) modified Luther’s ideas. He says that each person is “predestined” for who they will be before birth. Henry VII: England. Him and his daughter (Elizabeth) began a reformed religion called Anglicanism. This was a form of Protestantism which made Henry the head and gave him a way to divorce from his wife. The Catholic Church responded to Luther and Calvin using the Counterreformation and reformed the church from within. 5. How did the Enlightenment challenge the European model of colonization? Changed ideas in government with things such as checks and balances, separation of powers, and Enlightenment writers like Hobbes, Locke, Voltaire and Montesquieu. 6. What were the differences between the American, Haitian, French, and Latin American Revolutions? Causes: French wanted to replace their structure. Haiti wanted legal equality that white settlers had. Americans fought against higher taxes. Leaders: American: George Washington, France: Napolean, Haiti: Toussaint. Results: Americans gained independence from Britain. France restored monarchy. Haiti made a constitution to give equality to all. Similar: Social similarities through Englightenment because it was known as a source of inspiration. Also Politically similar. Differences: Differences between the revoultions because Haiti was more focused on equality and not specifically independence. 7. What were the problems of the Enlightenment and the Age of Revolutions? Enlightenment: Intellectual period, core supporters of the middle class, originated from the Scientific Revolution. Enlightenment scientists: Francis Bacon, Isaac Newton, Rene Descartes. Enlightenment government: John Locke, Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Enlightenment Philosophy/Econ: Adam Smith, Denis Diderot, Voltaire. Gender, Middle vs. Low class, Religion=issues. Essay 1: Compare and Contrast the differences between the Spanish and English colonial systems with regards to economics, politics, and culture. There are many differences when comparing and contrasting the Spanish and English colonies. Both the colonies had goals to establish their colonies and wanted power. Both of them wanted to expand their own empires and grow authority with resources found in America. [Show More]

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