*NURSING > QUESTIONS & ANSWERS > latest /2021 West Coast University, Los Angeles - INTERMEDIATE MED-SURG 201Final Review (All)

latest /2021 West Coast University, Los Angeles - INTERMEDIATE MED-SURG 201Final Review

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1. The two major dysfunctions in cancer development. What are they? (Lewis 235-236) 1. - Defective Cell Proliferation (Growth) -Grow on top of one another and on top/between normal cells. b. - Defe... ctive Cell Differentiation Divide indiscriminately, divide haphazardly, and can produce greater than 2 cells during mitosis. A) Protooncogenes: Are genes that promote growth. Any mutations with protooncogenes will lead turn them into oncogenes which will be cancer cells. B) Tumor suppressor genes: Suppresses growth of tumor cells. Stops division of mutated cells. o Ex: BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 which increase the risk of breast/ovarian cancer. 2. What is a stem cell? p.188 Are unspecialized cells in the body that have the ability to 1. Remain in their unspecialized state and divide or 2. Differentiate and develop into specialized cells such as a brain cell or a muscle cell Stem cells can be divided into two types: embryonic and adult Embryonic cells come from the embryo at a very early stage in development and have the ability to become any one of the hundreds 3. Contact Inhibition: (Angela) a. mechanism for proliferation control in normal cells. Normal cells respect the boundaries of other cells surrounding them (Lewis 10th p.235) 4. The three stages in cancer development: initiation, promotion, progression:  Initiation: changes in genes cause mutation in the DNA sequence by genetic inheritance of acquired from life style.  Promotion: reversible proliferation of the altered cells. Increase in the altered cell increases the likelihood of additional mutations.  Progression: final stage of cancer. characterized by increased growth rate of the tumor, increased invasiveness, and metastasis. [Show More]

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