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Table of Contents
1 Cardiology I Exam Notes ..............................................................................................................
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Med Surg Quick Notes
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Table of Contents
1 Cardiology I Exam Notes ...................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 Cardiology Terms & Introduction.................................................................................................................. 8
1.2 Pharmacology: Lipid Lowering Drugs........................................................................................................... 8
1.3 Clinical Medicine: Lipids............................................................................................................................. 10
1.4 Pharmacology: Antihypertensives.............................................................................................................. 13
1.5 Clinical Medicine: Hypertension ................................................................................................................. 16
1.6 Pharmacology: Ischemic Heart Disease .................................................................................................... 18
1.7 Clinical Medicine: Ischemic Heart Disease ................................................................................................ 19
1.8 Pharmacology & Clinical Medicine: Heart Failure ...................................................................................... 24
1.9 Pharmacology & Clinical Medicine: Arrhythmias........................................................................................ 30
1.10 Clinical Medicine: Cardiovascular Disease Prevention .............................................................................. 31
2 Cardiology II Exam Notes ................................................................................................................................... 32
2.1 Valvular Heart Disease, Infective Endocarditis, and Rheumatic Fever ...................................................... 32
2.2 Vascular Disease ....................................................................................................................................... 37
2.3 Myocardial and Pericardial Disease........................................................................................................... 41
2.4 Arrhythmias................................................................................................................................................ 44
3 Dermatology Exam Notes................................................................................................................................... 46
3.1 Introduction to Dermatology ....................................................................................................................... 46
3.2 Common Bacterial Skin Infections ............................................................................................................. 49
3.3 Fungal and Viral Infections of the Skin....................................................................................................... 53
3.4 Contact Dermatitis...................................................................................................................................... 56
3.5 Common Inflammatory Dermatoses........................................................................................................... 58
3.6 Cutaneous Manifestations of Systemic Diseases ...................................................................................... 61
3.7 Acne........................................................................................................................................................... 65
3.8 Warts.......................................................................................................................................................... 68
3.9 Hair and Nails ............................................................................................................................................ 69
3.10 Human Ectoparasites................................................................................................................................. 72
4 Emergency Medicine Exam Notes...................................................................................................................... 75
4.1 Chest Pain Presentations & Cardiac Emergencies .................................................................................... 75
4.2 Infectious Disease Emergencies................................................................................................................ 81
4.3 Respiratory Emergencies & Airway Management...................................................................................... 90
4.4 Genitourinary Emergencies........................................................................................................................ 95
4.5 Acute Abdomen ....................................................................................................................................... 100
4.6 GI Bleed................................................................................................................................................... 103
4.7 Ocular Emergencies................................................................................................................................. 107
4.8 Introduction to Point of Care Ultrasound .................................................................................................. 112
5 Emergency Medicine Exam II Notes................................................................................................................. 115
5.1 Burns........................................................................................................................................................ 115
5.2 Neurological Emergencies & Head and Spine Trauma............................................................................ 119
5.3 Pediatric Emergencies ............................................................................................................................. 131
5.4 Shock....................................................................................................................................................... 135
5.5 Orthopedic Emergencies.......................................................................................................................... 138
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5.6 Trauma Resuscitation .............................................................................................................................. 141
6 Endocrinology Exam Notes............................................................................................................................... 144
6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 144
6.2 Diabetes Mellitus...................................................................................................................................... 146
6.3 Diabetes Pharmacology: Oral Agents & Non-Insulin Injectables for Diabetes ......................................... 150
6.4 Insulin Dosing .......................................................................................................................................... 153
6.5 Thyroid ..................................................................................................................................................... 155
6.6 Pituitary Disorders.................................................................................................................................... 163
6.7 Adrenal Disorders .................................................................................................................................... 168
6.8 Disorders of Calcium Metabolism............................................................................................................. 174
6.9 Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Disease ............................................................................................. 177
7 ENT Exam Notes .............................................................................................................................................. 178
7.1 Primary Care Otolaryngology................................................................................................................... 178
7.2 Ophthalmology......................................................................................................................................... 191
7.3 Common Dental and Oral Mucosal Disorders.......................................................................................... 197
7.4 Oral Cancer and Precancerous Lesions .................................................................................................. 199
8 Gastroenterology Exam Notes.......................................................................................................................... 200
8.1 Approach to the Patient with Gastrointestinal Disease............................................................................. 200
8.2 Diagnostic Methods.................................................................................................................................. 201
8.3 Miscellaneous GI Complaints and Anorectal Disorders ........................................................................... 206
8.4 Colon Cancer........................................................................................................................................... 209
8.5 GI Bleed................................................................................................................................................... 211
8.6 Liver Disease ........................................................................................................................................... 213
8.7 Esophageal Disease ................................................................................................................................ 217
8.8 Pancreatic Disease .................................................................................................................................. 221
8.9 Biliary Diseases ....................................................................................................................................... 224
8.10 Infectious Diarrhea................................................................................................................................... 227
8.11 Inflammatory Bowel Disease.................................................................................................................... 230
8.12 Irritable Bowel Syndrome......................................................................................................................... 233
8.13 Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastric Cancer................................................................................................ 234
9 Gynecology Exam Notes .................................................................................................................................. 237
9.1 Gynecologic Anatomy .............................................................................................................................. 237
9.2 Gynecologic Physiology........................................................................................................................... 238
9.3 Hormone Studies ..................................................................................................................................... 240
9.4 Gyn Procedures ....................................................................................................................................... 243
9.5 Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, Amenorrhea, and Dysmenorrhea ................................................................ 246
9.6 Sexually Transmitted Infections ............................................................................................................... 248
9.7 Vulvar and Vaginal Disorders................................................................................................................... 255
9.8 Cervical Disorders.................................................................................................................................... 257
9.9 Gynecologic Pain Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction .............................................................................. 259
9.10 Female Breast Disorders ......................................................................................................................... 261
9.11 Female Breast Cancer ............................................................................................................................. 265
9.12 Contraception........................................................................................................................................... 267
9.13 Hormone Therapy .................................................................................................................................... 271
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9.14 Menopause .............................................................................................................................................. 274
9.15 Uterine Disorders ..................................................................................................................................... 276
9.16 Urinary Incontinence ................................................................................................................................ 278
9.17 Induced Abortion and Management of Early Pregnancy Loss ................................................................. 280
9.18 Ovarian Disorders .................................................................................................................................... 282
10 Hematology Exam Notes .................................................................................................................................. 285
10.1 Red Cell Disorders & Neutropenia ........................................................................................................... 285
10.2 Hematologic Malignancies ....................................................................................................................... 294
10.3 Hemostasis: Platelets & Coagulation ...................................................................................................... 300
10.4 Transfusion Medicine............................................................................................................................... 307
11 Infectious Disease Unit Exam Notes................................................................................................................. 309
11.1 Pathogens By Site of Infection ................................................................................................................. 309
11.2 Antibiotics................................................................................................................................................. 309
11.3 Introduction: Principles of Infectious Disease........................................................................................... 315
11.4 Prevention of Disease.............................................................................................................................. 328
12 Men’s Health Exam Notes ................................................................................................................................ 330
12.1 Male Genitourinary Anatomy.................................................................................................................... 330
12.2 H&P of Male Genitalia, Hernias, Lymphatics, Anus, Rectum, and Prostate............................................. 332
12.3 Miscellaneous Male Diagnostic Methods ................................................................................................. 334
12.4 Topics In Men’s Health............................................................................................................................. 334
12.5 Orchitis, Benign Scrotal Disease, and STIs ............................................................................................. 339
12.6 Male Cancers........................................................................................................................................... 342
13 Microbiology Exam Notes ................................................................................................................................. 345
13.1 Background & Classification .................................................................................................................... 345
13.2 Viruses..................................................................................................................................................... 345
13.3 Bacteria.................................................................................................................................................... 347
13.4 Fungi: yeasts & molds.............................................................................................................................. 348
13.5 Parasites: protozoa & helminths .............................................................................................................. 349
13.6 Respiratory Pathogens............................................................................................................................. 350
13.7 Pathogens of Skin, Mucous Membranes, and Bone ................................................................................ 356
13.8 Corynebacterium...................................................................................................................................... 358
13.9 Gastrointestinal Pathogens ...................................................................................................................... 362
13.10 Genitourinary Pathogens................................................................................................................. 367
13.11 Pathogens of Sterile Sites ............................................................................................................... 370
13.12 Listeria monocytogenes .................................................................................................................. 372
13.13 Systemic Febrile Syndromes........................................................................................................... 373
14 Nephrology Exam Notes................................................................................................................................... 377
14.1 Nephrology Tidbits ................................................................................................................................... 377
14.2 iagnostic Methods: Renal Chemistries, UA, Urine Cultures ..................................................................... 378
14.3 Diagnostic Methods: Urinary Tract Imaging ............................................................................................. 381
14.4 Kidney Physiology.................................................................................................................................... 382
14.5 Salt and Water ......................................................................................................................................... 387
14.6 Nephrolithiasis ......................................................................................................................................... 392
14.7 Acute Renal Failure.................................................................................................................................. 395
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14.8 Urinary Tract Infections............................................................................................................................ 397
14.9 Glomerulopathies and Other Renal Diseases .......................................................................................... 399
14.10 Chronic Kidney Disease and Management of Potassium, Calcium, and Phosphorus..................... 402
15 Neurology Exam Notes..................................................................................................................................... 408
15.1 Neuroanatomy Review............................................................................................................................. 408
15.2 Approach to the Neurologic Patient and Diagnostic Methods .................................................................. 413
15.3 Neurogenetics.......................................................................................................................................... 417
15.4 Movement Disorders................................................................................................................................ 420
15.5 CNS Infections ......................................................................................................................................... 424
15.6 Multiple Sclerosis ..................................................................................................................................... 426
15.7 CNS Neoplasms....................................................................................................................................... 427
15.8 Motor Neuron Diseases, Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission, and Muscular Dystrophy .............. 430
15.9 Epilepsy and Coma.................................................................................................................................. 435
15.10 Coma............................................................................................................................................... 441
15.11 Stroke.............................................................................................................................................. 444
15.12 Headache........................................................................................................................................ 447
15.13 Peripheral Neuropathies.................................................................................................................. 453
16 Oncology Exam Notes ...................................................................................................................................... 461
16.1 Imaging Studies in Oncology ................................................................................................................... 461
16.2 Radiation Therapy.................................................................................................................................... 463
16.3 Chemotherapy ......................................................................................................................................... 465
16.4 Introduction to Medical Oncology............................................................................................................. 468
16.5 Types of Solid Tumor Malignancies ......................................................................................................... 476
17 Ortho Exam Notes ............................................................................................................................................ 483
17.1 Introduction to Orthopedics ...................................................................................................................... 483
17.2 Cervical Spine.......................................................................................................................................... 487
17.3 Common Shoulder Disorders................................................................................................................... 490
17.4 Elbow, Wrist, and Hand............................................................................................................................ 493
17.5 Lumbar Spine........................................................................................................................................... 500
17.6 The Hip .................................................................................................................................................... 504
17.7 The Knee ................................................................................................................................................. 506
17.8 The Ankle................................................................................................................................................. 508
17.9 Pharmacology: Management of Musculoskeletal Pain............................................................................. 511
18 Pulmonology Exam Notes................................................................................................................................. 514
18.1 Pulmonology H&P.................................................................................................................................... 514
18.2 Physiology Refresher............................................................................................................................... 514
18.3 Common Pulmonary Symptoms .............................................................................................................. 515
18.4 Pulmonary Imaging .................................................................................................................................. 516
18.5 Sputum Cultures ...................................................................................................................................... 518
18.6 Tuberculin Skin Testing............................................................................................................................ 518
18.7 Respiratory Tract Infections and Antibiotic Therapy................................................................................. 519
18.8 Pulmonary Function Testing & Sleep Studies.......................................................................................... 524
18.9 Obstructive Airway Disease and Pharmacologic Therapies..................................................................... 528
18.10 Interstitial Lung Disease/Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease ......................................................... 533
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18.11 Occupational Lung Disease............................................................................................................. 537
18.12 Venous Thromboembolism.............................................................................................................. 539
18.13 Pulmonary Hypertension ................................................................................................................. 541
18.14 Lung Cancer and Pleural Disease................................................................................................... 542
18.15 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome............................................................................................. 544
18.16 Cystic Fibrosis................................................................................................................................. 545
19 Rheumatology Exam Notes .............................................................................................................................. 548
19.1 Introduction to Rheumatic Diseases......................................................................................................... 548
19.2 Common Rheumatological Lab Tests ...................................................................................................... 550
19.3 Rheumatoid Arthritis................................................................................................................................. 552
19.4 Infectious Arthritis..................................................................................................................................... 557
19.5 The Spondyloarthropathies ...................................................................................................................... 558
19.6 Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies......................................................................................................... 561
19.7 Scleroderma............................................................................................................................................. 563
19.8 Crystal-Induced Arthritis........................................................................................................................... 564
19.9 Sarcoidosis and Other Systemic Diseases with Rheumatic Manifestations ............................................. 568
19.10 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ...................................................................................................... 571
19.11 SLE Treatment and Prognosis ........................................................................................................ 573
19.12 Miscellaneous Rheumatic Diseases................................................................................................ 574
19.13 Osteoarthritis................................................................................................................................... 576
20 Surgery Exam I Notes....................................................................................................................................... 580
20.1 Intro to the OR ......................................................................................................................................... 580
20.2 Casting..................................................................................................................................................... 585
20.3 Sutures & Knots ....................................................................................................................................... 586
20.4 Bandaging................................................................................................................................................ 590
20.5 Pre & Post-Op Considerations ................................................................................................................. 590
20.6 Shock & Transfusions .............................................................................................................................. 593
20.7 Gastrointestinal Surgery I......................................................................................................................... 595
20.8 Gastointestinal Surgery II......................................................................................................................... 599
20.9 Fluids, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Regulation........................................................................................ 602
20.10 Venipuncture and IV’s ..................................................................................................................... 606
20.11 Principles of Surgical Infections....................................................................................................... 607
20.12 Surgical Nutrition............................................................................................................................. 608
21 Surgery Exam II Notes...................................................................................................................................... 610
21.1 Peripheral Vascular Disease and Other Atherosclerosis.......................................................................... 610
21.2 Suturing Techniques ................................................................................................................................ 613
21.3 Trauma and Care of the Acutely Injured Patient ...................................................................................... 614
21.4 Congenital Heart Disease ........................................................................................................................ 618
21.5 Acquired Heart Disease ........................................................................................................................... 620
21.6 Wound Healing, Sutures, and Wound Closures....................................................................................... 626
21.7 Neurosurgery ........................................................................................................................................... 629
21.8 Common Office Procedures..................................................................................................................... 631
21.9 Chest Tube Placement............................................................................................................................. 633
21.10 Intubation......................................................................................................................................... 633
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21.11 Orthopedic Surgery ......................................................................................................................... 634
21.12 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer........................................................................................................... 635
21.13 Esophageal Cancer......................................................................................................................... 636
21.14 Transplantation................................................................................................................................ 637
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