TEST BANK FOR UNDERSTANDING ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY: A VISUAL, AUDITORY, INTERACTIVE APPROACH (4TH ED.) BY GALE SLOAN THOMPSON |ALL CHAPTERS | ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES NEWEST VERSION

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TEST BANK FOR UNDERSTANDING ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY: A VISUAL, AUDITORY, INTERACTIVE APPROACH (4TH ED.) BY GALE SLOAN THOMPSON |ALL CHAPTERS | ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES NEWEST VERSION CHAPTER 1 — INTRODU ... CTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY / HOMEOSTASIS 1. A nurse teaches a patient about homeostasis. Which statement best describes homeostasis? A. The ability of the body to keep all variables at a single fixed value. B. The process of returning the internal environment to a narrow, stable range. C. A mechanism that only operates during illness. D. Rapid, unpredictable changes in body systems. Answer: B. Rationale: Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains internal stability (a narrow, stable range) despite external changes. It is not a single fixed value for all variables (A is incorrect), it operates continuously (C incorrect), and it is not rapid, unpredictable changes (D incorrect). 2. A patient’s blood glucose rises after a meal. Which mechanism is an example of a negative feedback response to this change? A. Increased glucagon secretion from alpha cells. B. Increased insulin secretion from beta cells. C. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system to raise blood glucose. D. Vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels. Answer: B. Rationale: Negative feedback reduces the deviation from normal. Increased insulin lowers blood glucose back toward normal. Glucagon raises glucose (A wrong), sympathetic activation raises glucose (C wrong), vasodilation is unrelated (D wrong). 3. A clinician explains control centers in homeostatic loops. Which structure often acts as the control center for temperature regulation? A. Cerebellum B. Hypothalamus C. Medulla oblongata D. Pituitary gland Answer: B. Rationale: The hypothalamus is the primary thermoregulatory center. Cerebellum is for coordination (A), medulla for vital reflexes (C), pituitary releases hormones but isn't the primary temperature control center (D). 4. A patient has lost a lot of blood and their blood pressure drops. Which immediate compensatory response is characteristic of a short-term homeostatic mechanism? A. Increased erythropoietin release from kidneys. B. Baroreceptor-mediated sympathetic activation causing vasoconstriction. C. Increased synthesis of albumin in the liver. D. Remodeling of blood vessels. Answer: B. Rationale: Short-term compensation to maintain blood pressure includes baroreceptor reflexes increasing sympathetic activity and vasoconstriction. Erythropoietin (A) is longer-term; albumin synthesis (C) and remodeling (D) are not immediate. 5. Which is an example of positive feedback? A. Decrease in body temperature stimulating shivering. B. Blood glucose rise stimulating insulin release. C. Oxytocin release causing uterine contractions, which increase oxytocin release. D. Increased arterial CO₂ stimulating increased ventilation until CO₂ normalizes. Answer: C. Rationale: Positive feedback amplifies a change: oxytocin → contractions → more oxytocin. The others are negative feedback examples. 6. A client receives a medication that blocks receptors in an efferent pathway of a reflex arc. Which part of the reflex arc is affected? A. Sensory receptor B. Afferent neuron C. Integrating center D. Motor (efferent) neuron Answer: D. Rationale: Efferent pathways carry output from the integrating center to effectors via motor/efferent neurons. Blocking receptors in efferent pathway affects motor output. Afferent is sensory (B), integrating center is CNS (C). 7. A patient’s lab reports show an inability to maintain pH after a metabolic acid load. Which organ is primarily responsible for long-term compensation of pH? A. Lungs B. Liver C. Kidneys D. Pancreas Answer: C. Rationale: Kidneys handle long-term acid-base balance via H⁺ secretion and bicarbonate reabsorption. Lungs mediate short-term compensation (A). Liver and pancreas have metabolic roles but aren't primary long-term pH regulators. 8. A client complains of dizziness when quickly standing. Which homeostatic failure best explains this orthostatic hypotension? A. Failure of thermoregulation B. Failure of baroreceptor reflex to increase heart rate and vasoconstriction C. Excessive insulin release after standing D. Increased urine output caused by gravity Answer: B. Rationale: Orthostatic hypotension commonly results from inadequate baroreceptor reflex responses (increasing HR and vasoconstriction) upon standing. The other choices are unrelated. 9. In an A&P lab, students learn levels of organization. Which list orders levels from simplest to most complex? A. Organ → Tissue → Cell → Molecule → Organism B. Molecule → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism C. Cell → Molecule → Tissue → Organ → Organism D. Tissue → Molecule → Cell → Organ → Organ system → Organism Answer: B. Rationale: Correct progression: molecule → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism. 10.A patient’s homeostatic set point for body temperature shifts upward during infection. What causes this shift? A. Direct pathogen activity raises temperature set point. B. Pyrogens cause hypothalamus to raise the set point. C. Increased sweat production increases set point. D. Blood pressure changes alter thermoregulation set point. Answer: B. Rationale: Pyrogens (from pathogens or immune cells) act on the hypothalamus to raise the temperature set point, producing fever. Pathogens don’t directly change set point (A), sweating doesn’t increase set point (C), BP changes are unrelated (D). [Show More]

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